附錄:英语不规则复数

分类

以f或fe结尾

大多数以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式时将其转为ves，如：

• calf → calves
• elf → elves
• half → halves
• hoof → hooves
• knife → knives
• leaf → leaves
• life → lives
• loaf → loaves
• scarf → scarfs/scarves
• self → selves
• sheaf → sheaves
• shelf → shelves
• thief → thieves
• wife → wives
• wolf → wolves

元音

有些名称的复数形式是改变它们的元音声：

• fireman → firemen
• foot → feet
• goose → geese
• louse → lice
• man → men
• mouse → mice
• tooth → teeth
• woman → women

古英语

有些是沿用古英语：

• child → children
• ox → oxen

以o结尾

有的以o结尾的单词加“s”：

• auto → autos
• kangaroo → kangaroos
• kilo → kilos
• memo → memos
• photo → photos
• piano → pianos
• pimento → pimentos
• pro → pros
• solo → solos
• soprano → sopranos
• studio → studios
• tattoo → tattoos
• video → videos
• zoo → zoos

有的则加“es”：

• echo → echoes
• embargo → embargoes
• hero → heroes
• potato → potatoes
• tomato → tomatoes
• torpedo → torpedoes
• veto → vetoes

有的两种都可以：

• buffalo → buffalos/buffaloes
• cargo → cargos/cargoes
• halo → halos/haloes
• mosquito → mosquitos/mosquitoes
• motto → mottos/mottoes
• no → nos/noes
• tornado → tornados/tornadoes
• volcano → volcanos/volcanoes
• zero → zeros/zeroes

不变

有的则不变：

• cod → cod *
• deer → deer
• fish → fish *
• offspring → offspring
• perch → perch *
• sheep → sheep
• trout → trout *

注：带“*”号的都是鱼类，很多鱼类的复数形式都是不变的，但有例外

下面这些都是固有复数，即使单数也是像复数形式：

• barracks → barracks
• crossroads → crossroads
• dice/die → dice
• gallows → gallows
• headquarters → headquarters
• means → means
• series → series
• species → species

借用单词

英语中有些单词是借用其他语言的。部分借用单词的复数跟随外语形式，下面每行的第二个单词都是外语形式，第三个为现时英语使用：

• alga → algae
• amoeba → amoebae → amoebas
• antenna → antennae → antennas
• formula → formulae → formulas
• larva → larvae →
• nebula → nebulae → nebulas
• vertebra → vertebrae

以“us”结尾的转为“a”（适用于专业术语）：

• corpus → corpora
• genus → genera

以“us”结尾的转为“i”：

• alumnus → alumni
• bacillus → bacilli
• cactus → cacti → cactuses
• focus → foci
• fungus → fungi → funguses
• nucleus → nuclei
• octopus → octopi → octopuses
• radius → radii
• stimulus → stimuli
• syllabus → syllabi → syllabuses
• terminus → termini

以“um”结尾的转为“a”：

• addendum → addenda
• bacterium → bacteria
• curriculum → curricula → curriculums
• datum → data
• erratum → errata
• medium → media
• memorandum → memoranda → memorandums
• ovum → ova
• stratum → strata
• symposium → symposia → symposiums

以“ex”或“ix”结尾的转为“ices”：

• apex → apices → apexes
• appendix → appendices → appendixes
• cervix → cervices → cervixes
• index → indices → indexes
• matrix → matrices → matrixes
• vortex → vortices

以“is”结尾的转为“es”：

• analysis → analyses
• axis → axes
• basis → bases
• crisis → crises
• diagnosis → diagnoses
• emphasis → emphases
• hypothesis → hypotheses
• neurosis → neuroses
• oasis → oases
• parenthesis → parentheses
• synopsis → synopses
• thesis → theses

以“on”结尾的转为“a”：

• criterion → criteria
• phenomenon → phenomena
• automaton → automata

英语中沿用其他语言的规则：

意大利语

• libretto → libretti
• tempo → tempi
• virtuoso → virtuosi

希伯来语

• cherub → cherubim
• seraph → seraphim

希腊语

• schema → schemata

不规则复数列表

A addendum → addenda alga → algae alumna → alumnae alumnus → alumni analysis → analyses antenna → antennas,antennae apparatus → apparatuses appendix → appendices,appendixes axis → axes B bacillus → bacilli bacterium → bacteria basis → bases beau → beaux bison → bison buffalo → buffalos,buffaloes bureau → bureaus bus → busses,buses C cactus → cactuses,cacti calf → calves child → children corps → corps corpus → corpora,corpuses crisis → crises criterion → criteria curriculum → curricula D datum → data deer → deer die → dice dwarf → dwarfs,dwarves diagnosis → diagnoses E echo → echoes elf → elves ellipsis → ellipses embargo → embargoes emphasis → emphases erratum → errata F fireman → firemen fish → fish,fishes focus → focuses foot → feet formula → formulas fungus → fungi,funguses G genus → genera goose → geese H half → halves hero → heroes hippopotamus → hippopotami,hippopotamuses hoof → hoofs,hooves hypothesis → hypotheses I index → indices,indexes K knife → knives

L leaf → leaves life → lives loaf → loaves louse → lice M man → men matrix → matrices means → means medium → media memorandum → memoranda millennium → millenniums,milennia moose → moose mosquito → mosquitoes mouse → mice N nebula → nebulae,nebulas neurosis → neuroses nucleus → nuclei O oasis → oases octopus → octopi,octopuses ovum → ova ox → oxen P paralysis → paralyses parenthesis → parentheses person → people phenomenon → phenomena potato → potatoes R radius → radii,radiuses S scarf → scarfs,scarves self → selves series → series sheep → sheep shelf → shelves scissors → scissors species → species stimulus → stimuli stratum → strata syllabus → syllabi,syllabuses symposium → symposia,symposiums synthesis → syntheses synopsis → synopses T tableau → tableaux that → those thesis → theses thief → thieves this → these tomato → tomatoes tooth → teeth torpedo → torpedoes V vertebra → vertebrae veto → vetoes vita → vitae W watch → watches wife → wives wolf → wolves woman → women Z zero → zeros,zeroes