维基词典:滿語轉寫
滿文字母有多種轉寫系統。其中包括德國語言學家穆麟德發明的穆麟德轉寫、太清轉寫、《新滿漢大詞典》轉寫所使用的轉寫。此外還有俄羅斯外交官伊万·扎哈罗夫發明的西里爾化系統,使用改革前的俄語字母。下表顯示了滿文字母的三種主要轉寫系統之間的差異。
滿語轉寫
编辑音值 (IPA) | 穆麟德 | 太清 | 新滿漢 | 滿文和Unicode | 註釋 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[a] | a | a | a | ᠠ 1820 | |
[ə] | e | e | e | ᡝ 185D | |
[i] | i[1] | i | i[1] | ᡳ 1873 | |
[ɨ] | y[2] | yʻ | y | ᡟ 185F | 僅用於外來語 |
[ɔ] | o | o | o | ᠣ 1823 | |
[u] | u | u | u | ᡠ 1860 | |
[ʊ] | ū | v | uu | ᡡ 1861 | |
[n] | n | n | n | ᠨ 1828 | |
[ŋ] | ng | ng | ng | ᠩ 1829 | |
[qʰ] & [kʰ] | k | k | k | ᡴ 1874 | |
[q] & [k] | g | g | g | ᡤ 1864 | |
[χ] & [x] | h | h | h | ᡥ 1865 | |
[p] | b | b | b | ᠪ 182A | |
[pʰ] | p | p | p | ᡦ 1866 | |
[s];在 [i] 前為 [ɕ] | s | s | s | ᠰ 1830 | |
[ʃ];在 [i] 前為 [ɕ] | š | x | sh[3] | ᡧ 1867 | |
[tʰ] | t | t | t | ᡨ 1868 | |
[t] | d | d | d | ᡩ 1869 | |
[l] | l | l | l | ᠯ 182F | |
[m] | m | m | m | ᠮ 182E | |
[t͡ʃʰ];在 [i] 前為 [t͡ɕʰ] | c | q | ch | ᠴ 1834 | |
[t͡ʃ];在 [i] 前為 [t͡ɕ] | j | j | zh | ᠵ 1835 | |
[j] | y | y | y | ᠶ 1836 | |
[r] | r | r | r | ᡵ 1875 | |
[f] | f | f | f | ᡶ 1876 | |
[w] | w | w | w | ᠸ 1838 | |
[kʰ] | k῾ | kʻ | kk | ᠺ 183A | 僅用於外來語 |
[k] | g῾ | gʻ | gg | ᡬ 186C | 僅用於外來語 |
[x] | h῾ | hʻ | hh | ᡭ 186D | 僅用於外來語 |
[tsʰ] | ts῾[2] | c | c | ᡮ 186E | 僅用於外來語 |
[tsʰ] | ts | cyʻ | cy | ᡮᡟ 186E 185F | 僅用於外來語 |
[t͡s] | dz | z | z | ᡯ 186F | 僅用於外來語 |
[ʐ] | ž | rʻ | rr | ᡰ 1870 | 僅用於外來語 |
[sɨ] | sy | syʻ | sy | ᠰᡟ 1830 185F | 僅用於外來語 |
[tʂʰ] | c῾ | q | ch | ᡱ 1871 | 僅用於外來語 |
[tʂʰɨ] | c῾y | qyʻ | chy | ᡱᡳ 1871 1873 | 僅用於外來語 |
[tʂ] | j | zh | zh | ᡷ 1877 | 僅用於外來語 |
[tʂɨ] | jy | jyʻ | zhy | ᡷᡳ 1877 1873 | 僅用於外來語 |