参见:Firmament

英语 编辑

词源 编辑

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven[n 1]

源自中古英语 firmamentfurmament (天空)[1]源自古法语 firmament (天空),或源自其词源拉丁语 firmāmentum (支撑;天空),源自firmāre (增强,强化) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介,或某个动作的结果的后缀)firmārefirmō (使...稳固,固化)的现在主动不定式,源自firmus (稳固的,稳定的),最终源自原始印欧语 *dʰer- (支撑)[2]

拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中,用于翻译七十士译本(希腊语的《旧约圣经》)中的古希腊语 στερέωμα (steréōma, 框架,基础;天空)一词,该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯来语 רָקִיעַ(rāqī́aʿ, 天穹),源自词根ר־ק־ע(r-q-`),在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ(r-q-ʿ)(与“压紧”有关)派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ(rəqīʿā, 固实的,稳固的;天空,天穹)[2]

发音 编辑

名词 编辑

firmament (可数 不可数,复数 firmaments)

  1. (经常不可数, 书面, 诗歌, 亦比喻义) 天空天穹苍穹
    近义词: (英国,方言) lift(诗歌,古旧) welkinskyheaven
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    • 1609Everie VVoman in Her Humor,London: [] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, [], OCLC 55193753; reprinted as John S. Farmer编, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)‎[1],[Amersham, Buckinghamshire]:[John S. Farmer] [],1913, OCLC 974756059:
      Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]
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    • 1611The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version),London: [] Robert Barker, [], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 1:6–8:
      And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.
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    • 1667John Milton,“Book II”,出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books,London: [] [Samuel Simmons], [], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: [],London:Basil Montagu Pickering [],1873, OCLC 230729554, lines 174–175:
      [W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]
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    • 1825 January,H. G. B.,“The Bride of Parma”,出自 The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; [],卷号XVI,Edinburgh: [] Archibald Constable and Company, OCLC 221608863, 页号68, column 2:
      And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!
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    • 1831James Bell,“[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”,出自 A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, [],卷号V,Glasgow:Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; [], OCLC 1015512136, 页号34:
      Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence,源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.
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    • 2001 December,w:J. Robert King,“Who are We?”,出自w:Brian Thomsen编, Lancelot du Lethe,New York, N.Y.:w:Tor Books, →ISBN, 页号229:
      On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.
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    • 2002,w:Barbara Kingsolver,“Small Wonder”,出自 Small Wonder: Essays,New York, N.Y.:w:HarperCollins,出版年份2009, →ISBN:
      The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.
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    • 2013,Alexander Miller,“The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”,出自Michael Beaney编, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy,Oxford, Oxfordshire:w:Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy), 页号658:
      [...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.
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  2. (可数) 某个活动或利益的圈子
    the international fashion firmament
    国际时尚
    • 1997,Michael Schaller,“Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”,出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation,New York, N.Y.; Oxford, Oxfordshire:w:Oxford University Press, →ISBN, 页号7:
      Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.
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    • 1999,Shannon Wiley,“Introduction”,出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America),Charleston, S.C.:w:Arcadia Publishing,出版年份2001, →ISBN, 页号8:
      By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.
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    • 2008,Adrienne L. McLean,“A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”,出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema,New Brunswick, N.J.:w:Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, 页号40:
      She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.
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  3. (不可数, 天文学, 历史) 第八天球(可数, 引申义) 天球
    • 1638,Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton],“Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”,出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy. [],5th edition,Oxford, Oxfordshire:Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, OCLC 932915040, partition 2, section 2, member 3, 页号254:
      [B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]
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    • 1715,H[enry] Curson,“A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”,出自 A New Description of the World. [],2nd edition, [] Benj[amin] Barker, [], OCLC 15216563:
      The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.
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  4. (不可数, 圣经弃用) 天界天堂
  5. (可数, 弃用) 头巾上的珠宝
    • 1690,[Mary Evelyn],“A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”,出自[John Evelyn]编, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. [],London: [] R[ichard] Bentley [], OCLC 562942240; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey:The Toucan Press,1978, →ISBN, 页号7:
      Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]
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    • [1690,[Mary Evelyn],“The Fop-dictionary. []”,出自[John Evelyn]编, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. [],London: [] R[ichard] Bentley [], OCLC 562942240; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey:The Toucan Press,1978, →ISBN, 页号18:
      Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.
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  6. (可数, 弃用, 亦比喻义) 基础
    • 2012年1月25日,Josh Brown,“Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”,出自 Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal[2], archived from the original on 8 December 2013:
      Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.
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  7. (可数, 弃用) 稳固巩固强化

衍生词汇 编辑

注释 编辑

  1. 源自Petrus Apianus; Gemma Frisius (1539) Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet, Antwerp: In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], OCLC 1113627241.

参考资料 编辑

  1. firmament, n.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. 2.0 2.1 firmament, n.”, OED Online  , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1896; “firmament, n.”, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.

延伸阅读 编辑

加泰罗尼亚语 编辑

词源 编辑

源自拉丁语 firmāmentum

发音 编辑

名词 编辑

firmament m (复数 firmaments)

  1. 天空天国

延伸阅读 编辑

荷兰语 编辑

词源 编辑

源自中古荷兰语 firmament,源自拉丁语 firmāmentum,由哲罗姆所造,用于翻译古希腊语 στερέωμα (steréōma, 稳固结构),而其又用于翻译希伯来语 רקיע(天穹)

发音 编辑

名词 编辑

firmament n (复数 firmamenten)

  1. 天空天穹
    近义词: gespanhemelgespanuitspansel

派生语汇 编辑

  • 帕皮阿门托语:firmament (过时)

法语 编辑

 
法语维基百科有一篇文章关于:
维基百科 fr

词源 编辑

继承自中古法语 firmament,源自古法语 firmament,借自拉丁语 firmāmentum

发音 编辑

名词 编辑

firmament m (复数 firmaments)

  1. 天空天穹

延伸阅读 编辑

瑙鲁语 编辑

词源 编辑

源自德语 Firmament,源自中古高地德语 firmament,源自晚期拉丁语 firmāmentum

名词 编辑

firmament

  1. 天空天穹

奥克语 编辑

词源 编辑

源自拉丁语 firmāmentum

发音 编辑

  • 文档

名词 编辑

firmament m (复数 firmaments)

  1. 天穹天空天国天堂

延伸阅读 编辑

  • Joan de Cantalausa (2006) Diccionari general occitan a partir dels parlars lengadocians, 2版, ISBN 9782912293046, 页484.

波兰语 编辑

 
波兰语维基百科有一篇文章关于:
维基百科 pl

词源 编辑

古典借词,源自拉丁语 firmāmentum

发音 编辑

名词 编辑

firmament m 无生

  1. 天穹天空
  2. (古旧) 基础

延伸阅读 编辑

  • 参见firmamentWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN 中的内容
  • 参见波兰语词典PWN上有关firmament的内容

罗马尼亚语 编辑

词源 编辑

借自法语 firmament,源自拉丁语 firmamentum

名词 编辑

firmament n (不可数)

  1. 天穹天空

变格 编辑