İstanbul
参见：Istanbul
英语 编辑
专有名词 编辑
İstanbul
- Istanbul (“伊斯坦布尔”)的罕用写法。
- 1993, Donald Quataert, Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 出版于 2002, →ISBN，页号 110:
- The innovation first was employed in the Ottoman Empire at İstanbul, at the pious foundations around Mahmud Pasha, where a silkmakers’ guild (sandalcı esnafı) had enjoyed a monopoly for some years. […] Under pressure, the state then allowed stone-finishing at Bursa and Diyarbakır, permission it quickly revoked when the İstanbul industry applied counter-pressure. […] So the state broke the İstanbul guild’s monopoly and permitted silkmakers elsewhere to use stone finishing. […] This profoundly changed the relationship between silkmakers in Bursa and İstanbul. The Bursa guild previously had sent its (Duke Zashurus/Jashuru?) fabric to the İstanbul group for finishing but ceased to do so with the opening of the stone-finishing installations at Bursa. There, the Bursa cloth makers were able to produce a better cloth and undersell their İstanbul competitors who had been accustomed to selling at monopoly prices. Bursa makers, for example, offered vermilion cloth for 10 percent less than the İstanbul cloth.
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- 2004, The Rough Guide to Europe, Rough Guides, “Turkey”, “İstanbul”，页号 953:
- Arriving in İSTANBUL can come as a shock. […] Yet this is merely one aspect of modern İstanbul; only a couple of kilometres to the north you’ll find the former European quarter of Beyoğlu, with its trendy bars and cutting-edge dance clubs, while north again are the pavement cafés and restaurants of Ortaköy and a series of swish Bosphorus suburbs. / İstanbul is the only city in the world to have played capital to consecutive Christian and Islamic empires, and retains features of both.
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- 2012, Çağrı Haksöz, Sridhar Seshadri, Ananth V. Iyer, Managing Supply Chains on the Silk Road: Strategy, Performance, and Risk, CRC Press, →ISBN，页号 xv, 18:
- In Chapter 7, Murat Kaya and Çağrı Haksöz present the case of a Turkish 3PL firm based in İstanbul, Turkey. […] The travel time from İstanbul to Central Asia was 9–10 months. […] The duration of caravan travel from Qazvin to İstanbul/İzmir was 110 days, from Qazvin to Aleppo 110 days, from Qazvin to Archangel 105–135 days, and from Isfahan to Aleppo 70 days (Matthee, 1999).
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阿塞拜疆语 编辑
| 西里尔字母 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 波斯-阿拉伯字母 | ||
专有名词 编辑
İstanbul
变格 编辑
| İstanbul的变格 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 单数 | 复数 | ||
| 主格 | İstanbul | İstanbullar | |
| 定宾格 | İstanbulu | İstanbulları | |
| 与格 | İstanbula | İstanbullara | |
| 方位格 | İstanbulda | İstanbullarda | |
| 夺格 | İstanbuldan | İstanbullardan | |
| 定属格 | İstanbulun | İstanbulların | |
爱沙尼亚语 编辑
专有名词 编辑
İstanbul
土耳其语 编辑
词源 编辑
源自鄂图曼土耳其语 استنبول (İstanbul)，中古希腊语 εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “往城里”)的音变，为当地希腊人对君士坦丁堡的称呼。
发音 编辑
专有名词 编辑
İstanbul
变格 编辑
İstanbul 的变格