littera

芬兰语

名词

littera

1. （支票的） 面额

变格

littera 的屈折 (Kotus 类型 12/kulkija，无元音变换)
主格		littera	litterat
属格		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten
部分格		litteraa	litteroita
入格		litteraan	litteroihin
		单数	复数
主格		littera	litterat
宾格	主	littera	litterat
	属	litteran
属格		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten litterain 罕用
部分格		litteraa	litteroita
内格		litterassa	litteroissa
出格		litterasta	litteroista
入格		litteraan	litteroihin
接格		litteralla	litteroilla
离格		litteralta	litteroilta
向格		litteralle	litteroille
样格		litterana	litteroina
转移格		litteraksi	litteroiksi
欠格		litteratta	litteroitta
手段格		—	litteroin
共格		请参阅下方的所有格形式。

littera 的所有格形式 (Kotus 类型 12/kulkija，无元音变换)

第一人称单数所有者 单数 复数 主格 litterani litterani 宾格 主 litterani litterani 属 litterani 属格 litterani litteroideni litteroitteni litteraini 罕用 部分格 litteraani litteroitani 内格 litterassani litteroissani 出格 litterastani litteroistani 入格 litteraani litteroihini 接格 litterallani litteroillani 离格 litteraltani litteroiltani 向格 litteralleni litteroilleni 样格 litteranani litteroinani 转移格 litterakseni litteroikseni 欠格 litterattani litteroittani 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroineni 第二人称单数所有者 单数 复数 主格 litterasi litterasi 宾格 主 litterasi litterasi 属 litterasi 属格 litterasi litteroidesi litteroittesi litteraisi 罕用 部分格 litteraasi litteroitasi 内格 litterassasi litteroissasi 出格 litterastasi litteroistasi 入格 litteraasi litteroihisi 接格 litterallasi litteroillasi 离格 litteraltasi litteroiltasi 向格 litterallesi litteroillesi 样格 litteranasi litteroinasi 转移格 litteraksesi litteroiksesi 欠格 litterattasi litteroittasi 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinesi 第一人称复数所有者 单数 复数 主格 litteramme litteramme 宾格 主 litteramme litteramme 属 litteramme 属格 litteramme litteroidemme litteroittemme litteraimme 罕用 部分格 litteraamme litteroitamme 内格 litterassamme litteroissamme 出格 litterastamme litteroistamme 入格 litteraamme litteroihimme 接格 litterallamme litteroillamme 离格 litteraltamme litteroiltamme 向格 litterallemme litteroillemme 样格 litteranamme litteroinamme 转移格 litteraksemme litteroiksemme 欠格 litterattamme litteroittamme 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinemme 第二人称复数所有者 单数 复数 主格 litteranne litteranne 宾格 主 litteranne litteranne 属 litteranne 属格 litteranne litteroidenne litteroittenne litterainne 罕用 部分格 litteraanne litteroitanne 内格 litterassanne litteroissanne 出格 litterastanne litteroistanne 入格 litteraanne litteroihinne 接格 litterallanne litteroillanne 离格 litteraltanne litteroiltanne 向格 litterallenne litteroillenne 样格 litterananne litteroinanne 转移格 litteraksenne litteroiksenne 欠格 litterattanne litteroittanne 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinenne 第三人称所有者 单数 复数 主格 litteransa litteransa 宾格 主 litteransa litteransa 属 litteransa 属格 litteransa litteroidensa litteroittensa litterainsa 罕用 部分格 litteraansa litteroitaan litteroitansa 内格 litterassaan litterassansa litteroissaan litteroissansa 出格 litterastaan litterastansa litteroistaan litteroistansa 入格 litteraansa litteroihinsa 接格 litterallaan litterallansa litteroillaan litteroillansa 离格 litteraltaan litteraltansa litteroiltaan litteroiltansa 向格 litteralleen litterallensa litteroilleen litteroillensa 样格 litteranaan litteranansa litteroinaan litteroinansa 转移格 litterakseen litteraksensa litteroikseen litteroiksensa 欠格 litterattaan litterattansa litteroittaan litteroittansa 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroineen litteroinensa

因特语

发音

• 国际音标^(帮助): /ˈlit.te.ra/

名词

littera (复数 litteras)

1. 字母
2. 书信

拉丁语

其他写法

• lītera

词源

来源不确定，有两种解释：

• 源自早期的lītera（是否存在还有争议），辅音加长（也被称作littera rule），源自古拉丁语 leitera (见于公元前122年，但Ernout & Meillet 认为应是lino），源自早期形容词 *lei-tos的复数形 (参见opera ← opus)，与拉丁语 linō (“污渍”)、原始意大利语 *linō (“污渍”)有关，源自原始印欧语 *h₂leyH- (“污渍”)。其变体构拟出的原始印欧语词根是*leyt- (“挠”)。

但 de Vaan 指出，源自lino的过去分词实际上应该是有短 i 的litus，这一来源缺少其他关于 *leitos的证据，“词形上不可信”。

• 或可能通过伊特拉斯坎语，源自（或有关）古希腊语 διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “皮革”)，Hesychius 认为也可以表示碑。源头不明。

发音

• (古典拉丁语) 国际音标^(帮助): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlʲɪt̪ːɛrä]
• (教会拉丁语) 国际音标^(帮助): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlit̪ːerä]

• 音频 (古典)：

  (档案)

名词

littera f (属格 litterae)；第一类变格

1. 字母
2. (转喻) 书写
   • 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2:

     Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.

     While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.

3. (常用复数) 书信

   Litteras resignare.

   开启信封。

4. (常用复数) 文学

   Abest historia litteris nostris.

   Is missing from our literature.

   Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.

   If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

5. 〈引〉(常用复数) 学问
6. (常用复数) 集
7. (常用复数) 记录，文档
8. (常用复数) 法令

   Praetoris litterae.

   裁判官的命令。

   Litteras revocavit.

   任命书。

使用注意

• litterae missae 义为“被人送出去的信”，litterae allatae 是“收到的信”，则liber litterarum missarum et allatarum 义为“书信册”。

变格

第一类变格名词。

	单数	复数
主格	littera	litterae
属格	litterae	litterārum
属格	litterae	litterīs
宾格	litteram	litterās
离格	litterā	litterīs
呼格	littera	litterae

派生词

• ad litteram (“逐字”)
• coeuntes litterae
• littera canīna (字面意思是“狗的字母”)
• littera tenuis
• litterae clausae
• litterae patentēs
• litterālis
• litterātim

 

派生语汇

• 阿斯图里亚斯语: lletra
• → 布列塔尼语: lizher
• 加泰罗尼亚语: lletra
• → 康沃尔语: lyther
• 达尔马提亚语: latera
• 弗留利语: letare, lètare
• 意大利语: lettera
  • → 阿尔巴尼亚语: letër
• 奥克语: letra
• 古法语: lettre
  • 法语: lettre
  • → 中古英语: letter
    • 英语: letter
  • → 中古荷兰语: lettere
• → 古爱尔兰语: liter
  • 爱尔兰语: litir
  • 曼岛语: lettyr
  • 苏格兰盖尔语: litir
• 皮埃蒙特语: litra
• → 波兰语: litera
• 葡萄牙语: letra
• 罗马尼亚语: literă
• 罗曼什语: letra
• → 俄语: ли́тера (lítera)
• 撒丁语: lítara, lítera
• 西西里语: littra, lìttira
• 西班牙语: letra
• 威尼斯语: łétara, létara, létera
• → 威尔士语: llythyr

拓展阅读

• littera in Charlton T. Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879
• “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891年) An Elementary Latin Dictionary，New York：Harper & Brothers
• littera在Charles du Fresne du Cange的Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• littera在Gaffiot, Félix (1934年) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (拉丁语-法语详解词典)，Hachette中的内容
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894年) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1]，London：Macmillan and Co.
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
    
  • learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
    
  • scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
    
  • to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)
    
  • to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
    
  • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
    
  • to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
    
  • to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
    
  • to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
    
  • to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
    
  • to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
    
  • to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
    
  • to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
    
  • to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
    
  • literature: litterae
    
  • written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
    
  • Roman literature: litterae latinae
    
  • shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
    
  • to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
    
  • to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
    
  • acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
    
  • to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
    
  • to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
    
  • to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
    
  • profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
    
  • for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
    
  • to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
    
  • an elementary school: ludus (discendi or litterarum)
    
  • to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
    
  • to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
    
  • to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
    
  • to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
    
  • to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
    
  • to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
    
  • to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
    
  • to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
    
  • the alphabet: litterarum ordo
    
  • the alphabet: litterae, elementa
    
  • to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
    
  • to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
    
  • to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
    
  • to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
    
  • a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
    
  • the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
    
  • to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
    
  • a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
    
• littera in Ramminger, Johann (访问于16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2]，pre-publication website, 2005-2016