参见:štifle

英语

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发音

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词源 1

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动词派生自晚期中古英语 stuflen (因炎热而难以呼吸;淹水,因呛水窒息) [以及其他形式][1]之后词源不详,可能源自stuffen (通过窒息杀死;因闷热窒息;压制,灭杀;剥夺植物的生长条件) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀,可能意指指小,程度增强或反复性动作和事件)[2] stuffen派生自古法语 estoferestouffer (使...窒息,勒死;(比喻义)压制,抑制) [以及其他形式](现代法语 étouffer),[3][4]变换自estoperestuper (阻塞;绷紧,使...变厚)(现代法语 étouper (填补)),受到了estofer (给...装垫子)(现代法语 étoffer)的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁语 *stuppāre,源自拉丁语 stuppa (粗亚麻)(作为填塞材料,源自古希腊语 στύπη (stúpē)στύππη (stúppē)(对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)),可能源自前希腊语 )+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》,其派生自古诺尔斯语 stífla (筑坝;阻塞)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。[4]

名词派生自动词。[5]

动词

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stifle (第三人称单数简单现在时 stifles,现在分词 stifling,一般过去时及过去分词 stifled)

  1. (及物比喻义) 使...窒息;将...闷死
    近义词: smothersuffocate
  2. (及物夸张) 使...呼吸困难
    The heat was stifling the children.
    炎热孩子们呼吸困难
  3. (及物比喻义) 忍住
  4. (及物) 阻挡住...的声音
  5. (及物比喻义)
    1. (及物) 压制压抑抑制镇压
      近义词: hinderrestrainsmothersuppressthrottlerepress
      The army stifled the rebellion.
      军队镇压了叛乱。
      • 1723, Daniel Waterland, A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:
        I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.
        (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
      • Template:RQ:Maxwell Mirror and the Lamp
      • 2011 10月 29, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, 出自 BBC Sport:
        In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.
        (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
    2. (及物) 封锁查禁隐匿隐瞒
  6. (及物农业(养蚕)) 用蒸汽熏 (蚕茧)
  7. (不及物) 窒息死亡
    Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.
    两名消防员在试图将一位老太太从卧室中营救出来时因窒息壮烈牺牲。
  8. (不及物夸张) 呼吸困难
    The heat felt stifling.
    炎热喘不过气
其他形式
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衍生词汇
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参见
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名词

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stifle (复数 stifles)

  1. (罕用) (动词词义的名词形式)窒息;呼吸困难;压制抑制等

词源 2

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The stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 27 in this drawing of a horse.[n 1]
A dog’s stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 12 in the above illustration.

名词派生自中古英语 stifle (四足动物的股骨和胫骨之间的关节) [以及其他形式],之后词源不详,可能派生自盎格鲁-诺曼语 estive ()古法语 estive ()(对比古法语 estival (靴,鞋))。[6]

动词派生自名词。[7]

名词

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stifle (复数 stifles)

  1. (zootomy) (动物的)后腿关节
    近义词: stifle joint
  2. (兽医学) 后腿膝关节疾病
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动词

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stifle (第三人称单数简单现在时 stifles,现在分词 stifling,一般过去时及过去分词 stifled)

  1. (及物) 使...的后腿膝关节挫伤脱臼等 (动物)
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注释

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  1. 源自C[harles] J[ames] Korinek; A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915), “Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment”, Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, OCLC 17424821, 页10

参考资料

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  1. stuflen, v.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. -el-, suf.(3)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  3. stuffen, v.(2)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  4. 4.0 4.1 stifle, v.1”, OED Online  , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020; “stifle1, v.”, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
  5. stifle, n.2”, OED Online  , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020
  6. stifle, n.(1)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.; compare “stifle, n.1”, OED Online  , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020: “Of obscure origin”; “stifle1, n.”, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
  7. stifle, v.2”, OED Online  , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2021

延伸阅读

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异序词

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