维基词典

User:TongcyDai/沙盒/0D

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WT:WS
For the word 'thesaurus', see thesaurus

這是維基詞典類義詞庫（Wiktionary Thesaurus）的主頁面，它是維基詞典的一個子項目和一個維基命名空間，目標在於創建一個類義詞庫，也就是一個包含同義詞、反義詞以及其他語義相關術語（如下位詞、上位詞、部分詞和整體詞）的詞典。該項目以前被稱為 Wikisaurus。

第一次來到類義詞庫？

歡迎您貢獻類義詞條目，或者補充現有的類義詞條目。

目的

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目的概述
  • 目的：
    • 幫助人們找到他們
      • 不記得的詞或
      • 不知道的詞
    • 幫助人們探索字詞網絡
  • 語義關係
    • 同義關係 – 相同或相似的意思
    • 反義關係 – 相反的意思
    • 下位關係 – 更狹窄的意思，子類別
    • 上位關係 – 更廣泛的意思，親類別
    • 實例關係 – 作為某類別的例子、某集合中的成員
    • 部分關係 – 部分，例如車輪之於汽車
    • 整體關係 – 整體，例如汽車之於車輪
  • 使用者：
    • 作家
    • 經理
    • 維基媒體專案貢獻者
    • 部落格作者
    • 寫情書的人
    • 期刊撰稿人

維基詞典類義詞庫的目的是作為一個電子類義詞庫的角色——一個包含同義詞、近義詞、反義詞和近反義詞以及其他語義相關術語（如下位詞、上位詞、部分詞和整體詞）的詞典。

一般而言，這樣一個類義詞庫的目的主要是幫助任何為了生計或樂趣而寫作的人（作家、經理、維基貢獻者、部落格作者和寫情書的人）在搜尋語意上相關的詞時，找到他們想不起來或甚至不知道的詞。一般來說，任何對字詞選擇很在意的人都可以從類義詞庫中受益，尤其是與提供定義的字典連結的同義詞庫。

類義詞庫的一般目的是主要幫助任何為生計或樂趣而寫作的人——作家、經理、維基媒體專案貢獻者、博客作者和寫情書的人——找到他們想不起來或甚至不知道的詞，當他們回憶與所尋詞語語義相關的詞時。總的來說，任何對詞語選擇很在意的人都能從類義詞庫中受益，尤其是那種連結到提供定義的詞典的類義詞庫。

維基詞典類義詞庫的附加價值在於它與維基詞典的整合——它鏈接到維基詞典，維基詞典也反過來連結到類義詞庫。

瀏覽

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要開始瀏覽類義詞庫，你可以從根目錄 Thesaurus:entity 開始，然後通過下位詞網絡進一步瀏覽高級分類，如 Thesaurus:person, Thesaurus:organism, Thesaurus:animal, Thesaurus:plant 和Thesaurus:artifact 等。你也可以按主題分類瀏覽，例如 Category:Thesaurus:地理 (Thesaurus:forest), Category:Thesaurus:人格 (Thesaurus:humble) 或 Category:Thesaurus:外貌 (Thesaurus:beautiful)。

Model

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The thesaurus is organized primarily on the model of WordNet. That is, the key organizing principles are the relations of hyponymy (subclass) and hypernymy (superclass), and to a lesser extent meronymy (part of a whole) and holonymy (whole of the part). See also Wiktionary:Semantic relations. The design of Roget's 1911 thesaurus is somewhat similar in that it does not restrict the entries to lists of synonyms and antonyms; however, Roget's thesaurus does not use WordNet relations. The design of Oxford English Dictionary thesaurus is somewhat similar in that it has a hierarchically organized thesaurus. However, its subordination relation is not a strict hyponymy but is in part thematic. By contrast, the thesaurus of Merriam-Webster has synonyms, antonyms and words "related". Editors who want to create thesaurus entries that are primarily for lists of synonyms can do so without worrying about the other relations, but keep in mind that there should be only a single thesaurus entry for a synonym set, thereby avoiding duplication.

One sense per entry

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Each entry should ideally have a single sense. Nonetheless, the format supports multiple senses for the cases where this seems to be the best option. It is usually possible to pick different headwords for different senses. Each entry should ideally stand for a semantic object; the headword should be in part an accident. The point is not to list all senses of the headword. Thus, there can be a single sense in Thesaurus:sound, and another sense of "sound" is covered at Thesaurus:inlet. If it becomes impossible to keep finding dedicated headwords, we may resort to disambiguating naming like "rich (wealthy)" or "rich, wealthy". Sometimes, the headword becomes less ambiguous by using a phrase: there is Thesaurus:English language. WordNet seems to do fine mostly by the comma convention.

To use the entry headword as a basis for covering all the senses of the headword would lead to a duplication of synonym rings covered in other headwords, at odds with the duplication-avoidance rationale for the thesaurus. Thus, there is no point in duplicating Thesaurus:spicy in Thesaurus:hot. By contrast, having a sense for an adjective and a sense for a noun in Thesaurus:German is a different use case and makes a little bit more sense, being caused by a lack of suitable English disambiguating headword unless one opts for "German person" and "German language" as headwords.

Multilingualism

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English Wiktionary Thesaurus shall contain entries for other languages than English.

Category:Thesaurus entries by language features these entries. Categorization is done by {{ws sense}}。

Historically, there was no agreed-upon naming scheme for non-English thesaurus entries. The following conventions existed:

  1. No language code, native headword. For example: Thesaurus:صار (Arabic), Thesaurus:yaxşı (Azerbaijani), Thesaurus:chat (French), Thesaurus:god (English and Danish). Entries in different languages with identically spelled titles are placed on the same Thesaurus page, exactly as we do for ordinary dictionary entries.
  2. Language code, native headword. For example: Thesaurus:fr:embêter (French), Thesaurus:sga:ar (Old Irish), Thesaurus:non:sverð (Old Norse).
  3. Language code, English headword. For example: Thesaurus:da:beautiful (Danish), Thesaurus:ar:become happy (Arabic), Thesaurus:sound/fi (Finnish).

By October 2022, convention A was followed by 98.8% of non-English thesaurus entries. In November 2023, all remaining thesaurus entries using convention B and C were standardised to convention A.

Convention A carries certain disadvantages. One is that the automatic display of the [⇒ thesaurus] link next to synonyms and other terms can be triggered in situations where it is not relevant. For example, Thesaurus:yes lists "ar" as a synonym, but the [⇒ thesaurus] link next to "ar" points to a page containing synonyms for an unrelated term in a different language. Another disadvantage is that the scheme is unique to English Wiktionary. Having Thesaurus entries for multiple languages on a single page causes problems for interwiki linking to other-language Wiktionary editions, such as French Wiktionnaire.

Topical categorization is an unsolved problem: there is Category:Thesaurus:Geography, but no language-specific one. We could create "Category:Thesaurus:en:Geography", "Category:Thesaurus:es:Geography", etc., on the model of mainspace topical categories.

Discussions:

Formatting

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Formatting is specified and discussed at:

Example entries:

Inclusion

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As for entry headwords, they must be attested. Not all mainspace entries should have their own thesaurus entry: the point of thesaurus is in part to prevent duplication of lists. The headwords can sometimes be sum of parts if deemed preferable, as in Thesaurus:beautiful person.

As for list items, all items in lists of synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, etc. on Thesaurus pages are required to be attested, using the same attestation criteria as the mainspace. There is no requirement that they must be more than sum of parts. Roget's Thesaurus did include many sum-of-parts phrases.

Semantic relations

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See also Wiktionary:Semantic relations.

If you want to create synonym-only entries, you do not need to worry about the other relationships all that much. This is especially true of adjectives. For nouns, it often pays off to figure out a good node in the hyponymic (subclass/superclass) network.

Synonyms and antonyms

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Synonyms are terms with the same or very similar meaning. Register (informal, vulgar, etc.) does not impact synonymy. Examples: Thesaurus:wise, Thesaurus:drunk. Some putative synonyms are better classified as hyponyms.

Antonyms are terms with opposite meaning. Antonyms are sometimes concentrated in an opposite thesaurus entry. Example: Thesaurus:drunk.

Hypernyms and hyponyms

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Hypernyms are terms with broader meaning, capturing a superclass relationship: X is a hypernym of Y if each Y is also an instance of X. Example: Thesaurus:bird.

Hyponyms are terms with narrower meaning, capturing a subclass relationship: X is a hyponym of Y is each X is an instance of Y. Examples: Thesaurus:drunk, Thesaurus:bird. In many entries, hyponyms can be listed only up to a point, to some nesting level. For instance, it makes no sense to list all hyponyms in Thesaurus:person; by contrast, listing all hyponyms in Thesaurus:relative or Thesaurus:musician seems fine.

Holonyms and meronyms

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Holonyms are terms for wholes containing parts: X is a holonym of Y if Y is part of X. Example: Thesaurus:relative.

Meronyms are terms for parts of wholes: X is a meronym of Y if X is part of Y. Example: Thesaurus:aircraft.

Classes and instances

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X is a class of Y if Y is an instance of X, different from hypernyms. Example: Thesaurus:Ecuador.

Instances are opposite of classes, different from hyponyms. Example: Thesaurus:country.

Coordinate terms and troponyms

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Coordinate terms, also known as cohyponyms, are mostly unused in the thesaurus since it duplicates hyponymic structures from other entries.

Troponyms are unused: use hyponyms and hypernyms for verbs as well.

Various

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The section "Various" is intended to capture other interesting relations, to broaden the navigation network beyond specifically defined relations. It supports creativity, but may lead to disagreements between editors since there is no set of specific rules governing the section.

Example entries:

  • Thesaurus:number: has all sorts of terms relating to numbers that are not hyponyms or instances.
  • Thesaurus:size: has adjectives for size and these do not fit hyponymy or instance-of relationships.
  • Thesaurus:aircraft: has people on board, who are strictly speaking not meronyms.

Minimum item count

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A putative thesaurus entry with 2–5 items can probably be comfortably handled by the mainspace synonym lists, and may be not worth an entry. However, there is no agreed on rigid rule for this. The thesaurus most pays off when the item counts are larger.

There is usually no need to create "leaf node" entries for 1 or 2 synonyms and 1 hypernym. Such items are sufficiently covered in the hypernym entries and in the mainspace. Thus, there is Thesaurus:lake but no Thesaurus:pond.

Templates

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Lists of templates:

Templates:

Template Example Note
  • {{ws|en|beer|一種含酒精的發酵麥芽飲料。}}
  • {{ws|en|beer|*}}
  • {{ws|en|beer}}
 第二個條目是一個懶惰的條目。第三個沒有顯示工具提示，但也沒有明確指出缺少工具提示。
To be put around a list of {{ws}} entries. Currently formats the list as a 3-column one.

類義詞庫

啤酒
Entered at the very top of the entry. When without parameter, determines the headword automatically.
{{R:Roget 1911|beauty}} Template:R:Roget 1911
{{ws sense|en|glad; in a good mood}} 詞義：glad; in a good mood Used after the third level heading for the part of speech.

Mainspace

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Linking from mainspace to Thesaurus entries:

  • Links to thesaurus entries can be added to the "Synonyms" section (or "Hyponyms", "Antonyms", etc. where appropriate) using the template {{seeSynonyms}} (which displays something like: 參見 Thesaurus:error), or using conventional wikitext syntax (''See also'' [[Thesaurus:error]]).
  • The {{synonyms}} template, used to render per-sense synonyms directly beneath definitions, accepts Thesaurus: links, which should be placed after any specific synonyms (e.g. {{synonyms|en|goof|blunder|Thesaurus:error}})
  • Especially for Thesaurus entries featuring mostly synonyms, it is good to add a link to the Thesaurus entry from all the mainspace entries for the synonyms, so that the user knows that there is a Thesaurus entry when visiting the mainspace.

維基數據

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維基數據及其子類別和關係實例完成了類義詞庫的一些工作，並且更加完整。然而，它不適合廣泛的同義詞列表，並且不能方便地瀏覽下義網絡，僅支援從項目到其親類別的輕鬆導航。它的一些子類結構看起來過於複雜和過度設計。

Roget-MICRA 類義詞庫

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Roget 的1911年類義詞庫（帶有 MICRA 補充）可在此處取得：

附錄中有一個搜尋框，並方便地提供到主命名空間的連結。

A search box for convenience:

Moby Thesaurus II

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Moby Thesaurus II is available here:

附錄中有一個搜尋框，並方便地提供到主命名空間的連結。

A search box for convenience:

Identity

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The current title of the project is "Thesaurus" and "Wiktionary Thesaurus". Before mid-2017, it was "Wikisaurus" Alternatives considered include "Wikithesaurus". In the past, WikiSaurus spelling with capital 'S' must have existed at some point.

Online thesauri

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Public domain

Free as in "freedom"

Proprietary

Other

  • None listed.

統計

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Statistics about the thesaurus entries, as of Oct 2022:

  • Entries: 4,833
  • English entries: 2,487
  • Chinese entries: 1,900
  • Other-language entries: 446
  • Entries containing colon (:) in title: 29

Page views

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Anatomy entries get a fair amount of page views, as is expected. But they are not alone; other entries with non-trivial page views include Thesaurus:pros and cons and Thesaurus:child.[3]

Recent changes

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Shortcuts

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參見

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Subpages

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Highlighted subpages:

Project subpages:

To do

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Things to do:

All entries

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Lists of all Thesaurus entries:

Discussion

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Discussions about Thesaurus are scattered across various pages. In the future, they should better take place in Beer Parlour, a general policy discussion room.

Pages with discussions:

For more discussions, see #Beer parlour.

Index

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An index to this page:

參考資料

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来自“https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=User:TongcyDai/沙盒/0D&oldid=8542205”