muffle

參見：müffle

英語

詞源

來自中古英語 muflen (“包裹”)，盎格魯-諾曼語 amoufler的語頭音消失，來自古法語 enmoufler (“纏繞，包裹”)，來自moufle (“連指手套”)，來自中世紀拉丁語 muffula (“暖手筒”)，日耳曼語族的原型 (— C.E.817年首次在Capitulary of Aachen所紀錄)，來自古法蘭克語 *muffël (“套，包裹，信封”)來自*mauwa (“套子，包裹”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“套子”)) + *vël (“外皮，皮革”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“外皮，薄膜，羊毛”)。另一個詞源將中世紀拉丁語一詞追溯到古法蘭克語 *molfell (“柔軟皮革製成的衣服”)，來自*mol (“柔軟，軟化”) (與古高地德語 molawēn (“軟化”), 中古高地德語 molwic (“軟”), 英語 mulch同族) + *fell (“皮革，皮膚”)。

發音

• 國際音標^(幫助): /mʌfl̩/

• 音頻 (澳洲)：

  (檔案)

• 韻部：-ʌfəl

名詞

muffle (複數 muffles)

1. 任何能使聲音變啞或安靜的東西。
2. 手套
3. (俚語，古舊) 拳擊手套
   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:

     N.B.—Mr Broughton proposes, with proper assistance, to open an academy at his house in the Haymarket, for the instruction of those who are willing to be initiated in the mystery of boxing: […] muffles are provided, that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws, and bloody noses.

     （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

4. 一個窯或爐，通常用電，沒有直接火焰
5. 裝在反芻動物的鼻孔之間的物體
6. 一種帶有兩個滑輪的機器
   • 1858, Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences. New Series, 第 7 卷，第 26 頁:

     Between the two pulleys c, c¹, and around the shaft a, is a muffle d, which receives at both ends the rounded heads of three, four, five, or more screws f, which act as levers. The levers are formed of a right and lefthanded screw, f, and f¹. The two screws are united together by means of a nut g, so that, by turning it, they are lengthened or shortened. The heads of the upper screws f¹, act upon the blocks e, e¹, contained in boxes supported by the plates h, h¹, through the centre of which passes the shaft a. These plates h, h¹, are fixed on the shaft a; they are of a smaller diameter than the inside of the pulleys c, c¹; their object is to keep the blocks e, e¹, from twisting.
     By moving the muffle d, to the left, the levers or screws f, f, will force the blocks e, to bear against the inside of the pulley c, placed on that side. The motion of this pulley will cause the muffle d, and consequently the shaft a, to revolve. By pushing the muffle d, on the opposite side, the blocks e, will depress the pulley c, and the blocks e¹, will bear against the pulley c¹, the band of which being crossed, will cause the shaft a, to revolve in a reverse direction.
     This shaft being furnished with a pinion, will transmit to a toothed wheel or rack, a motion in both directions at the desired instant, since it is only necessary to give the muffle d, a lateral movement from right to left, or from left to right, by means of a fork which acts on the part b.
     By placing the muffle d, half way between the two pullies c, and c¹, the blocks e, and e¹, will release the said pullies, and the shaft a, will be motionless.
     The patentee claims, ”the characteristic principle of the mechanical combination herein described, applicable to all cases where it may be useful, by varying the shapes or dimensions according to the power of the machines to which they may be applied.”

     （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

動詞

muffle (第三人稱單數簡單現在時 muffles，現在分詞 muffling，一般過去時及過去分詞 muffled)

1. (及物) 用布料把東西包裹起來
   • Template:RQ:Addison Cato

     The face lies muffled up within the garment.

   • Template:RQ:Dryden Fables

     He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes.

   • 1712, John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull

     muffled up in darkness and superstition

2. (及物) 包起來或覆蓋來降低聲音

   to muffle the strings of a drum, or that part of an oar which rests in the rowlock

3. (及物) 減少或緩和
   • 1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam 2011, p. 397:

     The singer's voice was muffled by the thick walls, yet Tyrion knew the verse.

4. (不及物，過時) 說話不清楚，發音含糊
5. (及物，過時) 矇住頭部來防止看、聽或說話