muffle

参见：müffle

英语

词源

来自中古英语 muflen (“包裹”)，盎格鲁-诺曼语 amoufler的语头音消失，来自古法语 enmoufler (“缠绕，包裹”)，来自moufle (“连指手套”)，来自中世纪拉丁语 muffula (“暖手筒”)，日耳曼语族的原型 (— C.E.817年首次在Capitulary of Aachen所纪录)，来自古法兰克语 *muffël (“套，包裹，信封”)来自*mauwa (“套子，包裹”) (来自原始日耳曼语 *mawwō (“套子”)) + *vël (“外皮，皮革”) (来自原始日耳曼语 *fellą (“外皮，薄膜，羊毛”)。另一个词源将中世纪拉丁语一词追溯到古法兰克语 *molfell (“柔软皮革制成的衣服”)，来自*mol (“柔软，软化”) (与古高地德语 molawēn (“软化”), 中古高地德语 molwic (“软”), 英语 mulch同族) + *fell (“皮革，皮肤”)。

发音

国际音标^(帮助): /mʌfl̩/
音频 (澳洲)： (档案)
韵部：-ʌfəl

名词

muffle (复数 muffles)

任何能使声音变哑或安静的东西。
手套
(俚语，古旧) 拳击手套
- 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:
  N.B.—Mr Broughton proposes, with proper assistance, to open an academy at his house in the Haymarket, for the instruction of those who are willing to be initiated in the mystery of boxing: […] muffles are provided, that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws, and bloody noses.
  （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
一个窑或炉，通常用电，没有直接火焰
装在反刍动物的鼻孔之间的物体
一种带有两个滑轮的机器
- 1858, Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences. New Series, 第 7 卷，第 26 页:
  Between the two pulleys c, c¹, and around the shaft a, is a muffle d, which receives at both ends the rounded heads of three, four, five, or more screws f, which act as levers. The levers are formed of a right and lefthanded screw, f, and f¹. The two screws are united together by means of a nut g, so that, by turning it, they are lengthened or shortened. The heads of the upper screws f¹, act upon the blocks e, e¹, contained in boxes supported by the plates h, h¹, through the centre of which passes the shaft a. These plates h, h¹, are fixed on the shaft a; they are of a smaller diameter than the inside of the pulleys c, c¹; their object is to keep the blocks e, e¹, from twisting.
  By moving the muffle d, to the left, the levers or screws f, f, will force the blocks e, to bear against the inside of the pulley c, placed on that side. The motion of this pulley will cause the muffle d, and consequently the shaft a, to revolve. By pushing the muffle d, on the opposite side, the blocks e, will depress the pulley c, and the blocks e¹, will bear against the pulley c¹, the band of which being crossed, will cause the shaft a, to revolve in a reverse direction.
  This shaft being furnished with a pinion, will transmit to a toothed wheel or rack, a motion in both directions at the desired instant, since it is only necessary to give the muffle d, a lateral movement from right to left, or from left to right, by means of a fork which acts on the part b.
  By placing the muffle d, half way between the two pullies c, and c¹, the blocks e, and e¹, will release the said pullies, and the shaft a, will be motionless.
  The patentee claims, ”the characteristic principle of the mechanical combination herein described, applicable to all cases where it may be useful, by varying the shapes or dimensions according to the power of the machines to which they may be applied.”
  （请为本引文添加中文翻译）

动词

muffle (第三人称单数简单现在时 muffles，现在分词 muffling，一般过去时及过去分词 muffled)

(及物) 用布料把东西包裹起来
- Template:RQ:Addison Cato
  The face lies muffled up within the garment.
- Template:RQ:Dryden Fables
  He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes.
- 1712, John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull
  muffled up in darkness and superstition
(及物) 包起来或覆盖来降低声音
to muffle the strings of a drum, or that part of an oar which rests in the rowlock
(及物) 减少或缓和
- 1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam 2011, p. 397:
  The singer's voice was muffled by the thick walls, yet Tyrion knew the verse.
(不及物，过时) 说话不清楚，发音含糊
(及物，过时) 蒙住头部来防止看、听或说话