维基词典

fret

参见：FRET 和 frêt

英语

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发音

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词源1

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源自中古英语 frēten (“吃，侵蚀，摧毁，烦扰”)，源自古英语 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)[1]，源自原始西日耳曼语 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼语 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼语 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印欧语 *pro- (“朝着，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印欧语 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。

与荷兰语 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎咽”)、低地德语 freten (“吃掉”)、德语 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎咽”)、哥特语 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan, “吞食”)、瑞典语 fräta (“吃掉，侵蚀，腐蚀”)同源；亦与丹麦语 fråse (“狼吞虎咽”)有关。

“摩擦”之义可能是因与盎格鲁-诺曼语 *freiter（现代法语 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁语 *frictāre，是拉丁语 fricāre的反复体，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印欧语 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；对比古法语 froter（现代法语 frotter）。来源推测的主要阻碍是缺少古法语词汇的证明。[2]

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fret (第三人称单数简单现在时 frets，现在分词 fretting，过去式 fretted 或 fret 或 frate，过去分词 fretted 或 (常用於複合詞) fretten)

  1. (及物，弃用或诗歌，尤指动物) 吞噬；狼吞虎咽
    • Template:RQ:Langland Piers Plowman
    • 1609, Ammianus Marcellinus, Philemon Holland, transl., 章号 XIV, 出自 The Roman Historie, containing Such Acts and Occurrents as Passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperours, book IX, London: Printed by Adam Islip, →OCLC，第 322 页:
      Their hearts alreadie fretted and cankered at the very roote, for the last disgrace received.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1727–1728, Mather Byles [et al.], 编者Bruce [Ingham] Granger, Proteus Echo (1727–28): A Series of Essays and Poems [...] that Appeared in the New-England Weekly Journal [...] (History of Psychology Series; 420), Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 出版于 1986, →ISBN，第 75 页:
      And could we let a Light into their Bosoms, we should see them generally fretted and cankered with this secret and corroding Venom.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  2. (及物) 摩擦、刺激（身体部位）
    • 1676, Richard Wiseman, “[A Treatise of Tumors.] Of an Herpes”, 出自 Severall Chirurgical Treatises, London: Printed by E. Flesher and J[ohn] Macock, for R[ichard] Royston bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, and B[enjamin] Took at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，第 80 页:
      A Perſon of Honour, of a full Body abounding with ſharp Humours, was ſeized with an Herpes on his right Leg. [...] [I]t inflamed and ſwelled very much, many Wheals aroſe, and fretted one into another, with great Excoriation.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1823–1824, A[stley Paston] Cooper, “Lecture LII”, 出自 The Lancet. [...] In Two Volumes, 3rd版, 第 II 卷, London: Knight and Lacey, Paternoster-Row; and G. L. Hutchinson, the Lancet office, Strand, 出版于 1826, →OCLC，第 100–101 页s:
      We sometimes perform an operation on the under lip [...] in consequence of / Cancer Labii [cancer of the lips], / Which disease generally arises from the use of a pipe, and the manner in which it happens is this:—the adhesive nature of the clay of which the pipe is made, causes it to adhere to the lip; at length the cuticle becomes torn off, and the continued irritation frets the sore into true cancerous disease.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  3. (及物) 使躁动，使不平静，激起涟漪
    to fret the surface of water
    使水面躁动
  4. (及物，以 fret out 的搭配出现) 挥霍，浪费
    • 1611, John Speed, “Henrie the Sixth, King of England, and France, Lord of Ireland: The Three and Fiftieth Monarch of England, His Raigne, Actes, and Issve”, 出自 The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. [...], Imprinted at London: [By William Hall and John Beale] [...] and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse, →OCLC; 再版 London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, and are to be sold in Popes-head Pallace, at the signe of the White Horse, 1614, →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 55，第 665 页，第 1 列:
      Yorke hereupon conſults with his ſpeciall friends; [...] how Yorke might get the Crowne of England, and for that cauſe how to ruine or fret out the Duke of Sommerſet; who ſtanding, they were to looke for ſtrong oppoſition.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1835, Louisa Sidney Stanhope, “Conclusion”, 出自 Sydney Beresford. A Tale of the Day. [...] In Three Volumes, 第 III 卷, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，第 274 页:
      We are all hurrying down the one common stream to the great ocean of eternity: but are we performing our social duties, as citizens of the world, in sculking away into holes and corners, to fret out time and life, because God has judged fit to withdraw the favourite toy he lent us—not making us destitute—but graciously leaving in our keeping, ten thousand toys beside.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  5. (及物、不及物) 咬；啃
    • Template:RQ:Jack Straw
    • 1677, Edward Browne, “A Journey from Vienna in Austria to Hamburg”, 出自 An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys. [...], London: Printed for Benj[amin] Tooke, and are to be sold at the sign of the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，第 136 页:
      The Mines are cold where the outward Air comes in; but where not, warm. The greateſt trouble they have is by duſt, which ſpoileth their Lungs and Stomachs, and frets their Skins.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1881, Frederick W[illiam] Robertson, “The Peace of God”, 出自 “The Human Race” and Other Sermons Preached at Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, →OCLC，第 233 页:
      You may see the surges wear and fret away the basement of the cliff against which they dash themselves, and the mass of broken rock falls into the depth and disappears, and then it is carried away by the tide as it retires.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1886年1月5日, Samuel West, “Some Aneurysms of the Heart, Many of the Cases Exhibiting the Effects of Erosion”, 出自 Transactions of the Pathological Society of London, 第 XXXVII (Comprising the Report of the Proceedings for the Session 1885–86) 卷s, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15, Waterloo Place, →OCLC，第 159 页:
      In all the present cases it is the aortic valves that are the source of the mischief. Vegetations, massive, tough, and often calcareous have formed upon these valves, and as they were drive to and fro by the blood-stream have fretted the parts with which they came into contact, and aneurysm at these spots has been the frequent result.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  6. (及物、不及物) （被）激怒；（使）恼怒
  7. (不及物) 边缘因摩擦而损伤
    A wristband frets on the edges.
    腕带的边缘磨损了。
    • 1893, A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald, “The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, 出自 Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，第 239 页:
      This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  8. (不及物) 焦虑，焦急
    • Template:RQ:Austen Pride and Prejudice
    • 1882 June, [Margaret Oliphant], “The Ladies Lindores.—Part III.”, 出自 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 第 CXXXI (American edition, volume XCIV) 卷, 第 DCCC 期, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Co., 41 Barclay Street, →OCLC, chapter VII，第 708 页，第 2 列:
      Had Carry preferred mere wealth, weighed by such a master, to the congenial spirit of her former lover? It fretted the young man even to think of such a possibility. And the visitors had fretted him each in some special point.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, 章号 5, 出自 Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，第 115–116 页s:
      Of all the queer collections of humans outside of a crazy asylum, it seemed to me this sanitarium was the cup winner. But, after all, I shouldn't have expected nothing different. When you're well enough off so's you don't have to fret about anything but your heft or your diseases you begin to get queer, I suppose.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 2022年4月25日, Kate Conger, “Twitter Employees Search for Answers as Musk Deal Takes Shape”, 出自 The New York Times‎[1], →ISSN:
      Recruits have also fretted that the shares included in their offer letters could quickly become devalued if Mr. Musk succeeded in taking Twitter private.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  9. (不及物) 激动
    Rancour frets in the malignant breast.
    怨恨在恶毒的心中翻涌。
  10. (不及物，酿造，酿酒学) 二度发酵
    • Template:RQ:Dictionaire Oeconomique
    • 1856, “The Art of Brewing”, 出自 The Brewer: A Familiar Treatise on the Art of Brewing, with Directions for the Selection of Malt and Hops, &c., &c.: Instructions for Making Cider and British Wines: Also, a Description of the New and Improved Brewing Saccharometer and Slide Rule, with Full Instructions for Their Use, London: William R[obert] Loftus, 6, Beaufoy Terrace, Edgeware Road, →OCLC，第 50 页:
      It is important to allow beer to flatten, after it has ceased working. This is accomplished by leaving the casks open, when the small floating particles of yeast part with their fixed air, lose their buoyancy, and sink to the bottom. [...] The beer having thus deposited its remaining yeast will not be liable to fret.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
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fret (复数 frets)

  1. 苦恼，担忧
    • 1724, Paul Neile, “Sir Paul Neile’s Discourse of Cider”, 出自 John Evelyn, Silva: Or, A Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions: [...] In Two Books. [...], 5th版, London: Printed for J. Walthoe [et al.], →OCLC，第 91 页:
      Now though Cider uſed in my Method ſhould not ferment at all, till it come into the Bottle, and then but a little; yet the Cauſe of Fermentation being in a great Degree taken away, the reſt can do no conſiderable Harm to thoſe who drink it, [...] It is in your Power to give the Cider juſt as much fret as you pleaſe, and no more; and that by ſeveral ways: For either you may bottle it ſooner or later, as you pleaſe: Or you may bottle it from two Taps in your Veſſel, and that from the higher Tap will have leſs Fret, and the lower more: [...]
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1857, [Margaret Oliphant], “The First Day”, 出自 The Days of My Life. An Autobiography. [...] In Three Volumes, 第 III 卷, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough Street, →OCLC，第 4 页:
      The place was a little below Gravesend, quite out of the fret and bustle of the narrower river, and there was not even a steamboat pier to disturb the quiet of this cluster of harmless houses, though they watched upon their beach the passage of great navies down the greatest thoroughfare of England.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1877, “BEER”, 出自 Encyclopædia of Chemistry Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical as Applied to the Arts and Manufactures, 第 I (Acetic Acid – Gas) 卷s, Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC，第 315 页，第 2 列:
      When the pitching heat is high, and the yeast is of a good quality and in sufficient abundance, the fermentation proceeds so rapidly and with such energy that it becomes ungovernable; some means must therefore be employed to check the heat. For this purpose coils of pipe, through which water circulates, are fitted up in the tun. Unless this is done the whole of the glutinous constituents of the gyle is not removed in the yeast, and the liquor does not cleanse satisfactorily, in consequence of an after fermentation which sets in, which is technically known as the "fret."
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  2. 焦躁
    He keeps his mind in a continual fret.
    他的思想一直处于焦躁状态。
    • Template:RQ:Pope Arbuthnot
    • 1836 December, “Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, 出自 John Taylor Coleridge 编, The Quarterly Review, 第 LVIII 卷, 第 CXVI 期, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，第 524 页:
      It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1897, B[everly] Carradine, The Sanctified Life, Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，第 192 页:
      And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1980, Renaissance Papers, Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 50 页:
      After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  3. 疱疹
    • 1860, Robert J[acob] Jordan, 章号 I, 出自 Skin Diseases and Their Remedies, London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, book I (Diseases of the Skin)，第 57 页:
      Vesiculæ, or vesicles, are small, circumscribed elevations of the scarf-skin, containing serum, at first (both in their coats and contents) transparent, afterwards white and opaque, and terminating in the formation of scurf or thin scales. Under this head are ranged varicella (chicken-pox), sudamina, eczema (red fret), herpes (fret), scabies (itch).
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
    • 1867年4月25日, [Colin Mackenzie], “Farriery”, 出自 Mackenzie’s Ten Thousand Receipts, in All the Useful and Domestic Arts; Constituting a Complete and Practical Library, [...], new, carefully revised and re-written版, Philadelphia, Pa.: T. Ellwood Zell & Company, Nos. 17 & 19 South Sixth Street，第 112–113 页s:
      To cure Gripes in Horses. This disorder goes by different names in different districts of the country; as fret, from the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being thought to arise from these animals or worms, etc. [...] In speaking of the medicine for gripes, or the flatulent colic sometimes termed fret, Mr. White mentions, domestic remedies may be employed when proper medicines cannot be procured in time.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  4. (矿业，复数) 侵蚀，腐蚀

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英国英格兰赫里福德郡马奇马克尔村奥德利家族的纹章，为红色背景配金色的 fret（“与菱形图案交错的X形十字”，名词义项2）

来自中古英语 frēten (“装饰”)，来自古法语 freté[3]、freter、fretter (“装饰”)，来自古法语 fret（来自fraindre (“打破”)，来自拉丁语 frangō (“破坏，粉碎”)，来自原始意大利语 *frangō，源头来自原始印欧语 *bʰreg- (“破坏”)）+ 古法语 -er (动词形后缀)（来自拉丁语 -āre，源头来自原始印欧语 *h₃enh₂- (“重压”)）。

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fret (复数 frets)

  1. 卍字浮雕，回字纹
  2. (纹章学) 与菱形图案交错的X形十字
    • 1764, Temple Henry Croker, Thomas Williams, Samuel Clark [et al.], “DIAPERED”, 出自 The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 第 I 卷, London: Printed for the authors, and sold by J. Wilson & J. Fell, Pater-noster Row; [et al.], →OCLC:
      DIAPERED, or Diapre, in heraldry, the dividing of a field in planes, like fret-work, and filling the ſame with variety of figures. This chiefly obtains on bordures, which are diapered or fretted over, and the frets charged with things proper for bordures.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
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德国符腾堡民间文化博物馆收藏的一件 fretted（“用交织浮雕装饰的”，动词义项1）木质天窗格栅

fret (第三人称单数简单现在时 frets，现在分词 fretting，一般过去时及过去分词 fretted)

  1. (及物) （尤指用交错或交织的图案）装饰；(建筑学) 用雕刻或浮雕装饰
    • Module:Parameters第828行Lua错误：Parameter "format" is not used by this template.
  2. (及物) 在上面形成图案、斑纹
    • Template:RQ:Shakespeare Julius Caesar
    • 1882年7月29日, J. Henry Shorthouse, “The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinth De St. Palaye [from Macmillan’s Magazine]”, 出自 Littel’s Living Age, 第 XXXIX (Fifth Series; volume CLIV overall) 卷, 第 1988 期, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Co., →OCLC, section V，第 228 页，第 1 列:
      The sun shone brilliantly through the trembling leaves, birds of many colors flitted from spray to spray, butterflies and bright insects crossed the fretted work of light and shade.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  3. (及物) 用圆锯切开
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吉他上的品

来自中古英语 freten (“捆”)，来自古法语 freter，来自frete (“金属包头”)（现代法语 frette）。用来表示音乐意思的源头未知；可能来自 frete 或来自 fret（摩擦）。[4]

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fret (复数 frets)

  1. (弃用或方言) 金属包头
  3. (音乐) 品
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fret (第三人称单数简单现在时 frets，现在分词 fretting，一般过去时及过去分词 fretted)

  1. （原指用环）捆绑，系紧
  2. (及物，音乐) 音乐方面的意思：
    1. 在（乐器）上装上品
      to fret a guitar ― 给吉他装上品
    2. 将琴弦压在品的后面
      • 2015, Drew Turrill, “Step by Step Exercises”, 出自 Don’t Fret – Learn Lead Guitar the Easy Way, [s.l.]: BookBaby, →ISBN:
        Note that right next to the headstock, the boxes may utilize some open notes in place of fretting with the pointer finger because the nut will effectively fret the notes for you […].
        （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
        [永久失效链接]
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来自拉丁语 fretum (“航道，海峡”)。

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fret (复数 frets)

  2. 航道；海峡
    • Template:RQ:Hakluyt Principall Navigations
    • 1721, Joseph Addison, “Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Loretto, &c. to Rome”, 出自 The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq, 第 II (Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703) 卷s, London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head, over-against Katherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，第 56 页:
      The river Velino, after having found its way from among the rocks where it falls, runs into the Nera. The channel of this laſt river is white with rocks, and the ſurface of it, for a long ſpace, covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the fret, and is ſtill breaking againſt the ſtones that oppoſe its paſſage: [...]
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
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词源5

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来自古法语 frete、fraite、fraicte，可能部分和fret (“航道，海峡”)混淆。[5]

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fret (复数 frets)

  1. (罕用) 海洋上的航道、水道

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最早见于1800年代中期，起源未知。[6]可能与fret (“在……上面形成图案”)、[7]fret (“吞噬”, 指大雾笼罩陆地) 或 fret (“使水面激起涟漪”, 指将雾吹向内陆的风) 等相关；语义上对照haar (“冷风；缥缈的风；雾，迷雾”)。而方言中拼写也作 freet，发音读作 /fɹit/，这个现象在词源1中也有发现。[8]

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fret (复数 frets)

  1. (诺森布里亚) 从海上飘来的雾
    • 2008, Trezza Azzopardi, Winterton Blue: A Novel，第 14 页:
      The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.
      （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
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  1. ↑ “frēten, v.(1).” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 18 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.
  3. ↑ “frēten, v.(2).” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 18 February 2018.
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.; Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.
  5. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.
  6. ↑ “fret”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.
  7. ↑ “sea fret” in Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary.
  8. ↑ Template:R:EDD

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词源1

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来自中古荷兰语 furet、fret，来自古法语 furet，来自通俗拉丁语 *fūrittus，拉丁语 fūr (“贼”)的指小。

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fret m (复数 fretten，指小 fretje n)

  1. 雪貂（Mustela putorius furo）
上位语
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源自英语 fret。

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fret m (复数 frets，指小 fretje n)

  1. (音乐) 弦乐器上的品，档

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来自古法语 fret，来自中古荷兰语 vrecht，来自古荷兰语 *frēht，来自原始西日耳曼语 *fra- + *aihti。

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fret m (复数 frets)

  1. (船运) 运费
  2. (延伸) 船的租金
  3. 货物
    • 2008 March 9, Reuters, “L'ATV Jules Verne né sous une bonne étoile”,
      Il n’y aura plus alors que les vaisseaux Progress russes pour emmener du fret à bord de la station spatiale, et les Soyouz pour les vols habités.
      因此将只剩下向空间站运送货物的俄罗斯“进步”号，以及用于载人飞行的“联盟”号飞船。

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  • → 葡萄牙语: frete
  • → 西班牙语: flete

延伸阅读

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哥特语

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罗马化

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frēt

  1. 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐍄的罗马化

中古英语

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词源1

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继承自古英语 *frǣt（对照ǣt）或freten 的逆构词。

替代写法

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名词

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fret (不可数)

  1. 大量消耗；磨损
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来源
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词源2

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借自古法语 fret，fraindre的过去分词；对照freten (“装饰”)。

替代写法

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fret (复数 frettes)

  1. 装饰或饰物
  2. 网状头巾
  3. (纹章学) 细的X形十字
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词源3

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借自古法语 frette (“系，环”)，起源不明；对照freten (“捆”)。

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名词

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fret (复数 frettes)

  1. (罕用) 系或环
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词源4

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借自古法语 fret、frait，来自拉丁语 fractum。

替代写法

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名词

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fret

  1. (罕用) （通常为保证和平而支付的）费用
来源
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词源5

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动词

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fret

  1. freten (“装饰”)的另一种写法

古法语

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替代写法

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词源1

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源自中古荷兰语 vrecht。

名词

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fret m (间接格复数 frez 或 fretz，主格单数 frez 或 fretz，主格复数 fret)

  1. 费用
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词源2

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请参阅主词条的词源章节。

动词

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fret

  1. fraindre 的过去时分词
检索自“https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=fret&oldid=8462756”