User:TongcyDai/沙盒/00
現代日語
编辑本節僅討論20世紀後期以後書寫和使用的標準日語。
日本學校語法與現代語言分析的區別
编辑日語的学校文法(gakkō bunpō)是基於對古典日語的語法分析。由於日語以假名書寫,文字間沒有空格,因此這種分析以音拍做為最小的語音單位。由於古典日語和現代日語之間的差異,學校文法和教授外國學生的日本語教育文法(Nihongo kyōiku bunpō)有很大的不同。
變位類型:從形態學的角度來看,現代日語中的規則動詞可以大致分為兩個變位類型,輔音詞幹和元音詞幹。輔音詞幹動詞的辭書型是詞幹 + -u,元音詞幹動詞詞幹 + -ru。
變位類型 | 辭書型 | 詞幹 | 活用形式 |
---|---|---|---|
變位類型 | 書く (kaku) | kak- | kakanai kakimasu kaku kakeba kakō |
元音詞幹 | 起きる (okiru) | oki- | okinai okimasu okiru okireba okiyō |
學校文法使用了一種非常不同的方法。由於使用音拍文字,輔音詞幹動詞(如 kak-u)會被分割為 ka-ku,因為其他詞尾會導致後半部分(也就是 ku)產生變化(如 kak-anai, kak-imasu 等)。此外,只有那個假名被視為動詞變位的結尾;其餘部分被視為助詞或助動詞。
詞幹 | 語尾 | 助詞或助動詞 |
---|---|---|
か ka | か ka | ない nai |
か ka | き ki | ます masu |
か ka | く ku | |
か ka | け ke | ば ba |
か ka | こ ko | う u |
很容易看出,對於任何輔音詞幹動詞,學校文法中的「語尾」是一個假名,且其輔音不變(因為那是真正的詞幹),且其元音在動詞變位中可以變成所有五個元音,也就是五十音図(gojūon-zu)中同一行的五個段,因此輔音詞幹動詞的變位稱為五段活用(godan katsuyō)。
元音詞幹動詞則更複雜。由於學校文法是為古典日語設計的,其中大多數現代元音詞幹動詞(如 oki-ru)在詞幹尾的元音中有交替現象(如 oki-ru 有 oki-zu、oki-ki、oku(ru)、oku-reba 等活用),不變的部分是 ok-。和輔音詞幹動詞的相同,這類動詞會被切割成像 o-kiru 的形式,儘管 ki 在現代日語亦永遠不會改變。在變位中,ru 部分被或改變,主要是為了確保助詞或助動詞有相同形式。
詞幹 | 詞尾 | 助詞或助動詞 |
---|---|---|
お o | き ki | ない nai |
お o | き ki | ます masu |
お o | きる kiru | |
お o | きれ kire | ば ba |
お o | き ki | よう yō |
It's easy to see that the "ending" begins with a kana that does not change (since it is from the true stem) and therefore stays on one row and one column ("grade") of the fifty-sound table. For i-stem verbs, that kana is on the i row, so the conjugation is called upper-monograde conjugation (上一段活用 kami-ichidan katsuyō). For e-stem verbs, that kana is on the e row, so the conjugation is called lower-monograde conjugation (下一段活用 shimo-ichidan katsuyō). (The names are in reference to a vertically written fifty-sound table where the five rows a, i, u, e, o becomes five columns and the "upper/lower monograde" refers to the column above or below the middle one, u).
The newer grammar designed to teach foreigners follows the morphological analysis and groups the verbs into three classes, Group I (consonant-stem), Group II (vowel-stem), and Group III (irregular). The first two classes are also called -u verbs and -ru verbs, but the stem-ending boundary of consonant-stem verbs is not indicated because it may be blurred by sound changes (e.g. kak-u → kaita), making their kana-based segmentation (ka-ku) more advantageous.
Japanese school grammar | Morphological analysis | New grammar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
活用 | Segmentation | 活用 | Segmentation | 活用 | Segmentation |
五段 (godan, “five-grade”) | か・く ka-ku あそ・ぶ aso-bu うらや・む uraya-mu |
consonant-stem | /kak-u/ /asob-u/ /urayam-u/ |
Group I or -u verbs | か-く ka-ku あそ-ぶ aso-bu うらや-む uraya-mu |
上一段 (kamīchidan, “upper monograde”) | みる miru お・きる o-kiru もち・いる mochi-iru |
vowel-stem | /mi-ru/ /oki-ru/ /motii-ru/ |
Group II or -ru verbs | み-る mi-ru おき-る oki-ru もちい-る mochii-ru |
下一段 (shimoichidan, “lower monograde”) | へる heru た・べる ta-beru たず・ねる tazu-neru |
/he-ru/ /tabe-ru/ /tazune-ru/ |
へ-る he-ru たべ-る tabe-ru たずね-る tazune-ru | ||
カ変 (kahen, “k-irregular”) | くる kuru | irregular | /kuru/ (stem /ko-/) | Group III or irregular verbs | くる -kuru |
サ変 (sahen, “s-irregular”) | する suru ろん・ずる ron-zuru |
/suru/ (stem /s(i)-/ ~ /se-/) /ronzuru/ (stem /ronze-/) |
する -suru ろん-ずる ron-zuru |
Paradigm of verbs: In Japanese school grammar, verbs have only six conjugated forms (although some can have further sound changes) and any further conjugation is done by appending particles (助詞 joshi) or auxiliary verbs (助動詞 jodōshi).
Conjugated form (活用形 katsuyōkei) | Of consonant-stem verbs | Of vowel-stem verbs | Derived stem? | Conjugated form? |
---|---|---|---|---|
未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis”) | stem + a | stem | Yes | No |
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) | stem + i | stem | Yes | Yes (ends a coordinate clause in formal writing) |
終止形 (shūshikei, “conclusive”) | stem + u | stem + ru | No | Yes (ends a nonpast sentence) |
連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal”) | stem + u | stem + ru | No | Yes (ends a noun-modifying clause) |
仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical”) | stem + e | stem + re | Yes | No |
命令形 (meireikei, “imperative”) | stem + e | stem + ro/yo | No | Yes (ends an imperative sentence) |
The newer grammar designed for teaching foreigners Japanese, on the other hand, gives a set of key conjugated forms that are immediately useful:
Japanese school grammar | New grammar (Here using that of Minna no Nihongo[1]) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Conjugated form | Example | Conjugated form | Example |
未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) | かか kaka かこ kako |
ない形 (-nai kei, “-nai form”) (also called 否定形 (hiteikei, “negative form”)) |
かか(ない) kaka(nai) |
意向形 (ikōkei, “volitional form”) | かこう kakō | ||
受身・尊敬 (ukemi sonkei, “passive verb”) | かかれます kakaremasu | ||
使役 (shieki, “causative verb”) | かかせます kakasemasu | ||
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “adverbial form”) | かき kaki かい kai |
ます形 (-masu kei, “-masu form”) | かき(ます) kaki(masu) |
た形 (-ta kei, “-ta form”) (also called 過去形 (kakokei, “past form”)) |
かいた kaita | ||
て形 (-te kei, “-te form”) | かいて kaite | ||
終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) | かく kaku | 辞書形 (jishokei, “dictionary form”) | かく kaku |
連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal form”) | かく kaku | ||
仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical form”) | かけ kake | 条件形 (jōkenkei, “conditional form”) (also called ば形 (-ba kei, “-ba form”)) |
かけば kakeba |
命令形 (meireikei, “imperative form”) | かけ kake | 命令形 (meireikei, “imperative form”) | かけ kake |
可能動詞 (kanōdōshi, “potential verb”) | かける kakeru | 可能 (kanō, “potential verb”) | かけます kakemasu |
Conjugation classes
编辑In traditional Japanese grammar, modern Japanese has five verbal conjugational classes: godan (five-grade), kami ichidan (upper monograde), shimo ichidan (lower monograde), ka-gyō henkaku (k- irregular), and sa-gyō henkaku (s- irregular). Some English-language resources simplify them to three: Group I (consonant stem, comprising godan), Group II (vowel stem, comprising the ichidan’s), and Group III (irregular). The first two groups are also known as -u and -ru verbs, respectively, in reference to the dictionary form (i.e. the nonpast) endings.
Five-grade (五段 godan)
编辑Five-grade (五段 godan) is the class of consonant stem verbs and is the largest verb class with native vocabulary. The stem-final consonants include -k, -g, -s, -t, -n, -b, -m, -r, and -w. The dictionary form is formed by attaching -u to the stem, making く (ku), ぐ (gu), す (su), つ (tsu), ぬ (nu), ぶ (bu), む (mu), る (ru), and う (u). Traditionally, the stem-final consonant is considered as part of the inflecting suffix, so a verb like 書く (kaku, “to write”, stem kak-) is segmented as か・く (ka-ku), with the inflecting part being -ku. Since the stem-final consonant play a role in some of the conjugation patterns, we include it in the paradigm below as well.
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei |
Volitional1 | 音便 onbin forms | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kaku 書く |
kak- | kaka- かか |
kaki かき |
kaku かく |
kaku かく |
kake- かけ |
kake かけ |
kakō かこう |
kaita, kaite かいた・かいて |
|
oyogu 泳ぐ |
oyog- | oyoga- およが |
oyogi およぎ |
oyogu およぐ |
oyogu およぐ |
oyoge- およげ |
oyoge およげ |
oyogō およごう |
oyoida, oyoide およいだ・およいで |
|
hanasu 話す |
hanas- | hanasa- はなさ |
hanashi はなし |
hanasu はなす |
hanasu はなす |
hanase- はなせ |
hanase はなせ |
hanasō はなそう |
hanashita, hanashite はなした・はなして |
|
matsu 待つ |
mat- | mata- また |
machi まち |
matsu まつ |
matsu まつ |
mate- まて |
mate まて |
matō まとう |
matta, matte まった・まって |
|
shinu 死ぬ |
sin- | shina- しな |
shini しに |
shinu しぬ |
shinu しぬ |
shine- しね |
shine しね |
shinō しのう |
shinda, shinde しんだ・しんで |
|
asobu 遊ぶ |
asob- | asoba- あそば |
asobi あそび |
asobu あそぶ |
asobu あそぶ |
asobe- あそべ |
asobe あそべ |
asobō あそぼう |
asonda, asonde あそんだ・あそんで |
|
yasumu 休む |
yasum- | yasuma- やすま |
yasumi やすみ |
yasumu やすむ |
yasumu やすむ |
yasume- やすめ |
yasume やすめ |
yasumō やすもう |
yasunda, yasunde やすんだ・やすんで |
|
kaeru 帰る |
kaer- | kaera- かえら |
kaeri かえり |
kaeru かえる |
kaeru かえる |
kaere- かえれ |
kaere かえれ |
kaerō かえろう |
kaetta, kaette かえった・かえって |
|
iu 言う |
iw- | iwa- いわ |
ii いい |
iu いう |
iu いう |
ie- いえ |
ie いえ |
iō いおう |
itta, itte いった・いって |
2 |
Special conjugation (empty slots are regular) | ||||||||||
iku 行く |
ik- | itta, itte いった・いって |
For the verb 行く iku “to go” | |||||||
kudasaru 下さる |
kudasar- | kudasari, kudasai(-masu) くださり, ください(ます) |
kudasai ください |
For the honorific verbs いらっしゃる irassharu, 仰る ossharu, 下さる kudasaru, なさる nasaru, ござる gozaru | ||||||
tou 問う |
tow- | tōta, tōte とうた・とうて |
For the two verbs 問う tou “to ask” and 請う kou “to ask, to beg” |
- Notes
- For volitional forms such as kakou, some versions of the katsuyōkei system list the kako- part as an alternative 未然形 mizenkei, and some list it as a seventh katsuyōkei form. The -ou ending is spelt in historical kana orthography (歴史的仮名遣い) as -au (e.g. yasumou as やすまう), reflecting its historical derivation.
- Historically, the -w ending for all such verbs was originally a -p, hence the historical kana spelling (歴史的仮名遣い) for, say, いう is いふ, with the six katsuyōkei forms いは, いひ, いふ, いふ, いへ, いへ.
Upper monograde (上一段 kami ichidan)
编辑Upper monograde (上一段 kami ichidan) is the class of regular vowel stem verbs whose stems end in -i. The dictionary form is formed by attaching -ru to the stem, making an い段 (i-dan, “i-row”) kana plus る (ru). Traditionally, the final syllable (Ci) of the stem is considered part of the inflecting suffix, so for example 借りる (kariru, “to borrow”, stem kari-) is segmented as か・りる (ka-riru), with the inflecting part being -riru. (If there is only one syllable in the stem, the whole word becomes the inflecting part.) As the final syllable in the stem does not change or affect the conjugational patterns, we will leave it out in the paradigm below.
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
miru 見る |
mi- | mi- み |
mi み |
miru みる |
miru みる |
mire- みれ |
miro, miyo みろ, みよ |
- Notes
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative.
Lower monograde (下一段 shimo ichidan)
编辑Lower monograde (下一段 shimo ichidan) is the class of regular vowel stem verbs whose stems end in -e. The dictionary form is formed by attaching -ru to the stem, making an え段 (e-dan, “e-row”) kana plus る (ru). Traditionally, the final syllable (Ce) of the stem is considered part of the inflecting suffix, so for example 食べる (taberu, “to eat”, stem tabe-) is segmented as た・べる (ta-beru), with the inflecting part being -beru. (If there is only one syllable in the stem, the whole word becomes the inflecting part.) As the final syllable in the stem does not change or affect the conjugational patterns, we will leave it out in the paradigm below.
Dictionary form | Base | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
deru 出る |
de- | de- で |
de で |
deru でる |
deru でる |
dere- でれ |
dero, deyo でろ, でよ |
- Notes
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative. The verb くれる kureru “to give” has an irregular imperative form くれ kure.
k-irregular (カ行変格 ka-gyō henkaku)
编辑This class holds the irregular verb 来る (kuru, “to come”).
Dictionary form | 未然形 mizenkei |
連用形 ren'yōkei |
終止形 shūshikei |
連体形 rentaikei |
仮定形 kateikei |
命令形 meireikei |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kuru 来る |
ko- こ |
ki き |
kuru くる |
kuru くる |
kure- くれ |
koi こい |
s-irregular (サ行変格 sa-gyō henkaku)
编辑This class holds the irregular verb する (suru, “to do”). Note the suppletive potential form できる (dekiru, “to be able”). When used as a light verb, it is usually used to turn an non-inflecting word into a verb such as 勉強する (benkyō suru, “to study”), びっくりする (bikkuri suru, “to be surprised”), in which case the conjugation is the same. However, a number of words which involve suru (mostly single kanji + suru) conjugate differently: those with suru after a /Q/, such as 達する (tassuru), have different causative and passive forms; those with suru voiced after a moraic nasal, such as 論ずる (ronzuru), have a hybrid conjugation between s- irregular -zuru and kami ichidan -jiru; and some with suru after i or ku, such as 愛する (aisuru), have a hybrid conjugation between s- irregular -suru and godan -su.[2]
Verb and context | 未然形 mizenkei1 | 連用形 ren'yōkei | 終止形 shūshikei | 連体形 rentaikei | 仮定形 kateikei | 命令形 meireikei2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
passive ~(ら)れる |
causative ~(さ)せる |
negative ~ない |
volitional ~(よ)う | ||||||
する suru, noun + する suru | sareru される |
saseru させる |
shinai しない |
shiyō しよう |
shi し |
suru する |
suru する |
sure すれ |
seyo, shiro せよ, しろ |
single kanji ending in /Q/ + する suru e.g. 達する tassuru |
serareru, shirareru せられる, しられる |
shisaseru しさせる |
shinai しない |
shiyō しよう |
shi し |
suru する |
suru する |
sure すれ |
seyo, shiro せよ, しろ |
single kanji ending in /n/ or /ŋ/ + ずる zuru e.g. 論ずる ronzuru |
jirareru, zerareru じられる, ぜられる |
jisaseru じさせる |
jinai じない |
jiyō じよう |
ji じ |
zuru, jiru ずる, じる |
zuru, jiru ずる, じる |
zure, jire ずれ, じれ |
zeyo, jiro ぜよ, じろ |
single kanji ending in i or ku + する suru e.g. 愛する aisuru |
sareru される |
saseru させる |
sanai, shinai さない, しない |
shiyō, sō しよう, そう |
shi し |
suru, su する, す |
suru, su する, す |
sure, se すれ, せ |
seyo, shiro, se せよ, しろ, せ |
- Notes
- When used with older auxiliaries such as the negative ぬ -nu, the older mizenkei, se- (ze- for zuru) is used.
- -ro is the spoken imperative and -yo is the written imperative.
Inflected forms
编辑In traditional Japanese grammar, verbs have the six basic forms called 活用形 katsuyōkei listed below, from which most of their inflected forms can be derived.
活用形 katsuyōkei | Stem? | Inflected form? |
---|---|---|
未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis”) | Yes | No |
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) | Yes | Yes |
終止形 (shūshikei, “conclusive”) | No | Yes |
連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal”) | No | Yes |
仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical”) | Yes | No |
命令形 (meireikei, “imperative”) | No | Yes |
Notes: 未然形 mizenkei “irrealis” is named after its use with -ba in Classical Japanese: kakaba “if one writes”, in contrast with the realis kakeba “as, when, because one writes”. It is a stem used to form the negative, passive, causative, and the volitional. 連用形 ren'yōkei is named in reference to its use followed by 用言 yōgen “inflecting words”. It is the infinitive as an inflected form, and also a stem used to form some inflected forms as well as compound verbs. 終止形 shūshikei is the conclusive, and is also the “plain” or “dictionary form” in which verbs are generally cited. 連体形 rentaikei is named in reference to its use followed by 体言 taigen “non-inflecting words”. It is the adnominal, also used to conclude a clause modifying a noun. In modern Japanese the shūshikei always has the same shape as the rentaikei, but in Classical Japanese it does not for some classes. 仮定形 kateikei “hypothetical” is a stem only used with -ba to form the provisional conditional. 命令形 meireikei is the imperative.
There are a large number of suffixes that can follow verbs to express grammatical categories in Japanese, and this section deals with suffixes that are not verbs themselves. Note that a verb can be conjugated several times by chaining auxiliaries, e.g. 食べる (taberu, “to eat”) to the causative 食べさせる (tabesaseru, “to make (someone) eat”) then to the polite form 食べさせます (tabesasemasu) and finally to the negative 食べさせません (tabesasemasen, “does not make (someone) eat”). As such, the actual number of inflected forms of a verb can be very large. The most common, one-level inflected forms of verbs are listed below:
Example word | 書く kak- | 泳ぐ oyog- | 話す hanas- |
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei stem | かか kaka- | およが oyoga- | はなさ hanasa- |
Negative | かかない kakanai | およがない oyoganai | はなさない hanasanai |
Passive | かかれる kakareru | およがれる oyogareru | はなされる hanasareru |
Causative | かかせる kakaseru | およがせる oyogaseru | はなさせる hanasaseru |
Ren'yōkei | かき kaki | およぎ oyogi | はなし hanashi |
Polite | かきます kakimasu | およぎます oyogimasu | はなします hanashimasu |
Desiderative | かきたい kakitai | およぎたい oyogitai | はなしたい hanashitai |
Evidential | かきそう kakisō | およぎそう oyogisō | はなしそう hanashisō |
Onbin stem | かい kai- | およい oyoi- (< ĩ-) | (= ren'yōkei) |
Past | かいた kaita | およいだ oyoida | はなした hanashita |
-tara conditional | かいたら kaitara | およいだら oyoidara | はなしたら hanashitara |
Representative | かいたり kaitari | およいだり oyoidari | はなしたり hanashitari |
Conjunctive or -te form | かいて kaite | およいで oyoide | はなして hanashite |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | かく kaku | およぐ oyogu | はなす hanasu |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | かけば kakeba | およげば oyogeba | はなせば hanaseba |
Potential | かける kakeru | およげる oyogeru | はなせる hanaseru |
Imperative (= meireikei) | かけ kake | およげ oyoge | はなせ hanase |
Volitional (from alt. mizenkei stem) | かこう kakō | およごう oyogō | はなそう hanasō |
- Note
- 行く (iku, “to go”, stem ik-) has the irregular onbin stem iQ-, hence the past is いった (itta), the conjunctive is いって (itte), etc. Otherwise, it is a regular godan verb with -k stem.
Example word | 立つ tat- | 死ぬ shin- | 呼ぶ yob- |
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei stem | たた tata- | しな shina- | よば yoba- |
Negative | たたない tatanai | しなない shinanai | よばない yobanai |
Passive | たたれる tatareru | しなれる shinareru | よばれる yobareru |
Causative | たたせる tataseru | しなせる shinaseru | よばせる yobaseru |
Ren'yōkei | たち tachi | しに shini | よび yobi |
Polite | たちます tachimasu | しにます shinimasu | よびます yobimasu |
Desiderative | たちたい tachitai | しにたい shinitai | よびたい yobitai |
Evidential | たちそう tachisō | しにそう shinisō | よびそう yobisō |
Onbin stem | たっ taQ- | しん shiN- | よん yoN- |
Past | たった tatta | しんだ shinda | よんだ yonda |
-tara conditional | たったら tattara | しんだら shindara | よんだら yondara |
Representative | たったり tattari | しんだり shindari | よんだり yondari |
Conjunctive or -te form | たって tatte | しんで shinde | よんで yonde |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | たつ tatsu | しぬ shinu | よぶ yobu |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | たてば tateba | しねば shineba | よべば yobeba |
Potential | たてる tateru | しねる shineru | よべる yoberu |
Imperative (= meireikei) | たて tate | しね shine | よべ yobe |
Volitional (from alt. mizenkei stem) | たとう tatō | しのう shinō | よぼう yobō |
Example word | 読む yom- | 帰る kaer- | 買う kaw- |
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei stem | よま yoma- | かえら kaera- | かわ kawa- |
Negative | よまない yomanai | かえらない kaeranai | かわない kawanai |
Passive | よまれる yomareru | かえられる kaerareru | かわれる kawareru |
Causative | よませる yomaseru | かえらせる kaeraseru | かわせる kawaseru |
Ren'yōkei | よみ yomi | かえり kaeri | かい kai |
Polite | よみます yomimasu | かえります kaerimasu | かいます kaimasu |
Desiderative | よみたい yomitai | かえりたい kaeritai | かいたい kaitai |
Evidential | よみそう yomisō | かえりそう kaerisō | かいそう kaisō |
Onbin stem | よん yoN- | かえっ kaeQ- | かっ kaQ- |
Past | よんだ yonda | かえった kaetta | かった katta |
-tara conditional | よんだら yondara | かえったら kaettara | かったら kattara |
Representative | よんだり yondari | かえったり kaettari | かったり kattari |
Conjunctive or -te form | よんで yonde | かえって kaette | かって katte |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | よむ yomu | かえる kaeru | かう kau |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | よめば yomeba | かえれば kaereba | かえば kaeba |
Potential | よめる yomeru | かえれる kaereru | かえる kaeru |
Imperative (= meireikei) | よめ yome | かえれ kaere | かえ kae |
Volitional (from alt. mizenkei stem) | よもう yomō | かえろう kaerō | かおう kaō |
- Notes
- The honorific verbs いらっしゃる (irassharu), 仰る (ossharu), 下さる (kudasaru), なさる (nasaru), ござる (gozaru) have irregular imperative forms and ren'yōkei stems used with the auxiliary verb ます (-masu), formed by changing the -r to -i (rather than the regular ren'yōkei -ri or imperative -re). Otherwise, they are regular godan verbs with -r stems.
- The verb ある (aru, “to be, to exist”) has the suppletive negative form ない (nai, “non-existent, not”), which is an adjective. Otherwise, it is a regular godan verb with -r stem.
- The verbs 問う (tou) and 請う (kou) have irregular onbin stems formed by changing the -w to a lengthening mora, hence the past is とうた (tōta), こうた (kōta), the conjunctive is とうて (tōte), こうて (kōte), etc. Otherwise, they are regular godan verb with -w stems.
Example word | 見る mi- | 出る de- |
---|---|---|
Basic stem (= mizenkei = ren'yōkei) | み mi | で de |
Negative | みない minai | でない denai |
Passive | みられる mirareru | でられる derareru |
Causative | みさせる misaseru | でさせる desaseru |
Polite | みます mimasu | でます demasu |
Desiderative | みたい mitai | でたい detai |
Evidential | みそう misō | でそう desō |
Past | みた mita | でた deta |
-tara conditional | みたら mitara | でたら detara |
Representative | みたり mitari | でたり detari |
Conjunctive or -te form | みて mite | でて dete |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | みる miru | でる deru |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | みれば mireba | でれば dereba |
Potential | みられる mirareru みれる mireru Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "nonstandard" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
でられる derareru でれる dereru Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "nonstandard" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Imperative (= meireikei) | みろ miro Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). みよ miyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
でろ dero Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). でよ deyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Volitional (from mizenkei stem) | みよう miyō | でよう deyō |
- Note
- The verb くれる (kureru, “to give (me or someone of lower rank)”) has the irregular imperative form くれ (kure). Otherwise, it is a regular shimo ichidan verb.
Word | 来る kuru |
---|---|
Mizenkei stem | こ ko- |
Negative | こない konai |
Passive | こられる korareru |
Causative | こさせる kosaseru |
Ren'yōkei | き ki |
Polite | きます kimasu |
Desiderative | きたい kitai |
Evidential | きそう kisō |
Past | きた kita |
-tara conditional | きたら kitara |
Representative | きたり kitari |
Conjunctive or -te form | きて kite |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | くる kuru |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | くれば kureba |
Potential | こられる korareru これる koreru Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "nonstandard" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Imperative (= meireikei) | こい koi Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). こよ koyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Volitional (from mizenkei stem) | こよう koyō |
Word | する suru (regular) | 達する tassuru | 論ずる ronzuru | 愛する aisuru |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei stem | さ sa- せ se- Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "archaic" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). し shi- |
せ se- し shi- |
じ ji- ぜ ze- |
あいさ aisa- あいし aishi- |
Negative | しない shinai | じない jinai | さない sanai しない shinai | |
Passive | される sareru | せられる serareru しられる shirareru |
じられる jirareru ぜられる zerareru |
|
Causative | させる saseru | しさせる shisaseru | じさせる jisaseru | |
Ren'yōkei | し shi | じ ji | ||
Polite | します shimasu | じます jimasu | ||
Desiderative | したい shitai | じたい jitai | ||
Evidential | しそう shisō | じそう jisō | ||
Past | した shita | じた jita | ||
-tara conditional | したら shitara | じたら jitara | ||
Representative | したり shitari | じたり jitari | ||
Conjunctive or -te form | して shite | じて jite | ||
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | する suru | ずる zuru じる jiru |
する suru す su | |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | すれば sureba | ずれば zureba じれば jireba |
すれば sureba せば seba | |
Potential | できる dekiru | = passive | せる seru | |
Imperative (= meireikei) | しろ shiro Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). せよ seyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
じろ jiro Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). ぜよ zeyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
しろ shiro Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "spoken" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). せよ seyo Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "written" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). せ se | |
Volitional (from mizenkei stem) | しよう shiyō | じよう jiyō | しよう shiyō そう sō |
When there are several auxiliaries following a verb, they generally occur in this order:
- Causative -seru ~ -saseru
- Passive/spontaneous/honorific(/potential) -reru ~ -rareru (~ -eru)
- Desiderative -tai (if this suffix is present, further inflection becomes i-adjective like)
- Polite -masu
- Negative -nai, -nu ~ -n
- Evidential -sō (if this suffix is present, further inflection becomes na-adjective like; not used with -masu)
- Suffixes expressing obligatory categories
The causative and passive auxiliaries have shimo ichidan conjugation. The desiderative auxiliary -tai have adjectival inflection. The evidential -sō behaves like a nominal. The other two non-final auxiliaries, polite -masu and negative -nai, have the following paradigms:
Auxiliary | ます masu |
---|---|
Mizenkei stem | ませ mase- ましょ masho- |
Negative | ません masen |
Negative past | ませんでした masen deshita |
Ren'yōkei | まし mashi Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "only used as a stem" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Past | ました mashita |
-tara conditional | ましたら mashitara Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "super-polite" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Conjunctive or -te form | まして mashite Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "super-polite" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | ます masu Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "adnominal use is super-polite" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). まする masuru Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "rare" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | ますれば masureba Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "super-polite" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). ませば maseba Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "rare" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Imperative (= meireikei) | ませ mase Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "only used with some honorific verbs" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). まし mashi Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "ditto, rare" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Volitional (from alt. mizenkei stem) | ましょう mashō |
Auxiliary | ない nai | ぬ nu ~ ん n |
---|---|---|
Mizenkei stem | なかろ nakaro- | |
Ren'yōkei | なく naku Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "adverbial" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). なかっ nakaQ- Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "stem" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
ず zu Please specify a language code in the first parameter; the value "adverbial" is not valid (参Wiktionary:语言列表). |
Past | なかった nakatta | |
-tara conditional | なかったら nakattara | |
Representative | なかったり nakattari | |
Conjunctive or -te form | なくて nakute ないで naide |
|
Evidential | なそう nasō なさそう nasasō |
|
Nonpast (= shūshikei = rentaikei) | ない nai | ぬ nu ん n |
-ba conditional (from kateikei stem) | なければ nakereba | ねば neba |
Volitional (from mizenkei stem) | なかろう nakarō |
- Note
- Compared with ない (nai), ぬ (nu) is more old-fashioned while ん (n) n can be colloquial, old-fashioned or dialectal (except that it is mandatory after ます (masu)).
- The conjunctive form なくて (nakute) and ないで (naide) have different uses: when linking verbs, the former simply joins two clauses while the latter means "without", equivalent to ずに (zu ni). The former is used with the conditional particle は (wa) and the concessive particle も (mo), while the latter is used with auxiliay verbs like もらい (morai), ください (kudasai), ほしい (hoshii), e.g. 言わなくてもいい (iwanakute mo ii, “it's ok if you don't say it”), 言わないでください (iwanaide kudasai, “please don't say it”).
- As with i-adjectives, the volitional なかろう (nakarō) is now largely replaced by ない (nai) + だろう (darō).
Basic inflected forms
编辑Here are the first set of inflected forms commonly taught in textbooks.
- Plain forms
Form | Conjugation | kaku 書く (base kak-) | miru 見る (base mi-) |
---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | shūshikei / rentaikei | kaku かく |
miru みる |
Past | ren'yōkei + -ta (with sound changes for five-grade verbs) |
kaita かいた |
mita みた |
Negative nonpast | mizenkei + -nai | kakanai かかない |
minai みない |
Negative past | mizenkei + -nakatta | kakanakatta かかなかった |
minakatta みなかった |
- Polite forms
Form | Conjugation | kaku 書く (base kak-) | miru 見る (base mi-) |
---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | ren'yōkei + -masu | kakimasu かきます |
mimasu みます |
Past | ren'yōkei + -mashita | kakimashita かきました |
mimashita みました |
Negative nonpast | ren'yōkei + -masen | kakimasen かきません |
mimasen みません |
Negative past | ren'yōkei + -masen deshita | kakimasen deshita かきませんでした |
mimasen deshita みませんでした |
Note: The verb aru ある “to be, to exist” does not have the negative formed in this way. The plain negative is the adjective nai ない “nonexistent, not be”, and the polite negative is nai desu ないです or arimasen ありません.
All these forms can occur in the predicate position of a sentence (i.e. at the end, where the plain form is considered to be in the shūshikei form).
- アリスは毎日コーヒーを飲む / 飲みます。 ― Arisu wa mainichi kōhī o nomu / nomimasu. ― Alice drinks coffee every day.
- アリスの電話番号を知らない / 知りません。 ― Arisu no denwabangō o shiranai / shirimasen. ― I don't know Alice's telephone number.
- 昨日、友達が家に来た / 来ました。 ― Kinō, tomodachi ga ie ni kita / kimashita. ― Friends came to my house yesterday.
- 先週働かなかった / 働きませんでしたか。 ― Senshū hatarakanakatta / hatarakimasen deshita ka. ― You didn't work in the last week?
The plain forms can also be used to modify a noun, or in the predicate position of a clause modifying a noun, when occurring before it (here the plain form is to be considered in the rentaikei form in traditional grammar):
- 私が明日乗る飛行機 ― watashi ga ashita noru hikōki ― the plane that I'll take tomorrow (lit. the-tomorrow-taken-by-me plane.)
- 子供のいない夫婦 ― kodomo no inai fūfu ― a couple who have no child (lit. the children-lacking couple.)
- トムが昨日買ったパソコン ― tomu ga kinō katta pasokon ― the computer that Tom bought yesterday (lit. the yesterday-bought-by-Tom computer.)
- トップ10に入らなかった言葉 ― toppu 10 ni hairanakatta kotoba ― words that didn't enter the top 10 (lit. the non-entered-to-top-10 words.)
Infinitive
编辑The infinitive (= ren'yōkei), apart from deriving nouns or used in the construction of compound verbs, can be used for the non-final predicates when linking several predicates together in a sentence.
- 君が歌い、僕は踊る ― kimi ga utai, boku wa odoru ― you sing; I dance
This is called 連用中止 ren'yō chūshi and it is mainly used in written language. The non-final predicates do not conjugate for tense or politeness. Iru いる “to be” in these positions are usually replaced by its humble form oru おる and put in ren'yōkei as ori おり.
Another use of the infinitive is in the grammar pattern verb/clause + ni + motion verb.
- 遊びに来たぜ。 ― asobi ni kita ze. ― I came to play
- 午後、荷物を取りに行きます。 ― Gogo, nimotsu o tori ni ikimasu. ― I will go to fetch my luggage this afternoon.
Certain kinds of compound verbs are produced by attaching a word to the continuative form of a verb; for example: 〜やすい (-yasui, “easy to do”), 〜方 (-kata, “way of doing something”), 〜返す (-kaesu, “to do something over again”). Other constructions include 〜たい (-tai, “to want to do something”), 〜ながら (-nagara, “while doing something”), 〜なさい (-nasai, “please do something”) (used only between friends or to someone of a lower rank), 〜そうだ (-sō da, “to seem likely to do something”).
eq5Conjunctive form with て===== The conjunctive or te form is spinoff of the continuative form by attaching the particle て to it. For godan (five-grade) verbs, the same kinds of sound changes with ~た applies. The particle て can be used to link several predicates together, as illustrated below:
- アリスは毎晩家へ帰って、テレビを見ます。 ― Arisu wa maiban ie e kaette, terebi o mimasu. ― Alice returns home and watches TV every night.
- 昨日図書館へ行って、勉強しました。 ― Kinō toshokan e itte, benkyō shimashita. ― I went to library and studied yesterday.
When used at the end of a sentence it makes a light command:
- 助けて! ― tasukete! ― Help!
- ゆっくりしていってね! ― Yukkuri shite itte ne! ― Take it easy!
More often, this form is part of certain kinds of expressions: 〜てから (after doing something), 〜ても(いい) (it's OK to do something), 〜てはだめ/いけない/ならない (it's not ok to do something), 〜て下さい (please do something), 〜ている (to be doing something), 〜てある (to be in the state of ...), 〜てばかり (to be always doing something), 〜てあげる (to do something to others), 〜てくれる (to do something for me), 〜てもらう (to receive the favor of doing something), 〜ておく (to do something in preparation), 〜てしまう (to do something completely or accidentally), 〜てみる (to try doing something), etc. When followed by motion verbs like いく and くる as a set expression, the basic meaning is to do something towards a direction (e.g. 帰る is "return", 帰っていく is "go back", while 帰ってくる is "come back"), and the notion of the direction can be abstract (towards the future, up to the present, come to the state, etc.)
Imperative form
编辑The imperative form (命令形) is often irregular in honorific speech; in other cases it can be rude in everyday conversation except when quoted or used in と-clauses. It is conjugated:
- godan verbs: change the -u to -e. For example, 読む becomes 読め.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -ro. For example, 見る becomes 見ろ.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes koi, suru becomes shiro.
Volitional form
编辑The volitional form carries the meaning of "let's do something". It has the same meaning when used alone and means "try to do" when followed by とする. It also means "I want to do something", but a less direct way to say this is to follow it by と思う. The conjugation is:
- godan verbs: change the -u to -ō. For example, 読む becomes 読もう.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -yō. For example, 見る becomes 見よう.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes koyō, suru becomes shiyō.
Hypothetical conditional form
编辑One way to say "if" is to attach ば to the 仮定形 of a verb, which is formed by changing the final vowel u (whether in -u, -ru, kuru, suru) to an e. "AばB" implies that A is a condition for B to happen.
Potential form
编辑- godan verbs: change the -u to -eru. For example, 読む becomes 読める.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -rareru. For example, 見る becomes 見られる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes korareru, suru becomes dekiru.
Sometimes the ra can be left out (a practice called ら抜き言葉). The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb; for example, 信じられない (unbelievable).
Causative form
编辑- godan verbs: change the -u to -a (but -wa if it has no consonant) and attach seru. For example, 読む becomes 読ませる.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -saseru. For example, 見る becomes 見させる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes kosaseru, suru becomes saseru.
The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb. Sometimes the せる is abbreviated as a single す and conjugates as godan verbs. The object is usually introduced with を, but when there is another object with を (such as "A made B sing a song"), に is used instead.
Passive form
编辑- godan verbs: change the -u to -a (but -wa if it has no consonant) and attach reru. For example, 読む becomes 読まれる.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -rareru. For example, 見る becomes 見られる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes korareru, suru becomes sareru.
The result can be further conjugated like an ichidan verb. Aside from the passive voice (where the performer of the verb is introduced with に or によって), the form is also used to show politeness in which case the sentence structure does not change. In casual speech, the せる can be abbreviated as a single す and conjugates as godan verbs. The passive form is sometimes used, particularly with intransitive verbs, to express that the thing done is disappointing or harmful to the subject; for example, 兎に逃げられた is not "[I] was run away by the rabbit", but "the rabbit ran away, unfortunately [for me]".
Causative passive form
编辑- godan verbs: change the -u to -a (but -wa if it has no consonant) and attach serareru. For example, 読む becomes 読ませられる.
- ichidan verbs: change the -ru to -saserareru. For example, 見る becomes 見させられる.
- irregular verbs: kuru becomes kosaserareru, suru becomes saserareru.
In godan verbs, except those that end in す, the middle part of the causative passive would frequently contract. For example, 読ませられる would contract to 読まされる. Likewise, the result can be further conjugated as an ichidan verb.
Irregular conjugation related to polite speech
编辑- The imperative form of くれる is くれ.
- The imperative form of some godan verbs have the ru replaced with i:
Verb | Imperative form |
---|---|
くださる | ください |
なさる | なさい |
いらっしゃる | いらっしゃい |
おっしゃる | おっしゃい |
- はがきを5枚ください。
- Hagaki o gomai kudasai.
- Please give me five postcards.
The i-ending imperative forms may be followed by mase:
- いらっしゃいませ!
- Irasshaimase!
- Welcome!
Transitivity
编辑Japanese transitive and intransitive verbs are called 他動詞 (tadōshi) and 自動詞 (jidōshi) in Japanese respectively. Intransitive verbs usually take only a subject marked with が (ga) or は (wa), while transitive verbs can also take an object marked with を (o).
- 先生が授業を始める。 ― sensei ga jugyō o hajimeru. ― The teacher starts the class.
- 授業が始まる。 ― jugyō ga hajimaru. ― The class starts.
Intransitive verbs may also take a noun phrase that would be considered an "object" in English. This is mostly marked by に (ni), similar to an indirect object.
- 弾丸が私に当たった ― dangan ga watashi ni atatta ― The bullet hit me.
A motion verb can also be used with を (o) even though it is intransitive in Japanese.
- 橋を渡る ― hashi o wataru ― to cross the bridge
When the transitive verb used with 〜たい (tai) to express desire, or in the potential form, the object is usually marked with が (ga), but を (o) is also OK.
- 水が飲みたい。 ― mizu ga nomitai. ― I want to drink water.
Passive forms 〜(ら)れる (-(ra)reru) usually become intransitive and causative forms 〜(さ)せる (-(sa)seru) usually become transitive. 〜てある (-tearu) forms usually become intransitive.
- 窓が開けてある。 ― mado ga akete aru. ― The window is opened.
Verb pairs
编辑A Japanese verb pair consists of a transitive verb and an intransitive verb sharing the same root, with the former serving as the causative/active voice, and the latter as the mediopassive voice.
- 値段を上げる ― nedan o ageru ― (Someone) raises the price.
- 値段が上がる ― nedan ga agaru ― The price rises.
- 下二段活用 inflection as transitive:
- 下二段活用 inflection as intransitive:
- Transitive constructed by attaching Old Japanese auxiliary verb す and/or intransitive constructed by attaching Old Japanese auxiliary verb る (or rarely ゆ).
- With す:
Verb pair Transitivity Old Japanese Modern Japanese to decrease trans. 減らす (ferasu, 四段活用) 減らす (herasu) intrans. 減る (feru, 四段活用) 減る (heru) to wake trans. 覚ます (samasu, 四段活用) 覚ます (samasu) intrans. 覚む (samu, 下二段活用) 覚める (sameru) to fill trans. 満たす (mitasu, 四段活用) 満たす (mitasu) intrans. 満つ (mitu, 上二段活用) 満ちる (michiru)
- With る or ゆ:
Verb pair Transitivity Old Japanese Modern Japanese to sting/to be stung trans. 刺す (sasu, 四段活用) 刺す (sasu) intrans. 刺さる (sasaru, 四段活用) 刺さる (sasaru) to raise/to rise trans. 上ぐ (agu, 下二段活用) 上げる (ageru) intrans. 上がる (agaru, 四段活用) 上がる (agaru) to see/to seem trans. 見る (miru, 上一段活用) 見る (miru) intrans. 見ゆ (miyu, 下二段活用) 見える (mieru)
- With both:
Verb pair Transitivity Old Japanese Modern Japanese to transfer trans. 移す (utusu, 四段活用) 移す (utsusu) intrans. 移る (uturu, 四段活用) 移る (utsuru) to stray trans. 外す (fadusu, 四段活用) 外す (hazusu) intrans. 外る (faduru, 下二段活用) 外れる (hazureru) to move close trans. 寄す (yosu, 下二段活用) 寄せる (yoseru) intrans. 寄る (yoru, 四段活用) 寄る (yoru) to erase trans. 消す (kesu, 四段活用) 消す (kesu) intrans. 消ゆ (kiyu, 下二段活用) 消える (kieru)
詞幹形式
编辑以下是日本教授的動詞基本形式。動詞有六種相關的詞幹形式;其中三個分別以兩種不同的方式出現,它們沒有給出單獨的名稱,而是在不相交的上下文中使用。已然形(izenkei,古典完成形)又稱做仮定形(kateikei,現代日語的假設形)。終止形(shūshikei)和連体形(rentaikei)在現代日語中詞形完全相同。
原形 | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru | |
類型 | |||||||||||||||
kami-1 | shimo-1 | ka-5 | ka-5 | ga-5 | sa-5 | ta-5 | na-5 | ba-5 | ma-5 | ra-5 | wa-5 | wa-5 | ka-hen. | sa-hen. | |
詞幹 | |||||||||||||||
irreg. | irreg. | ||||||||||||||
oki- | tabe- | kak- | ik- | hag- | sas- | mat- | shin- | yob- | nom- | hor- | ka(*p)- | to(*p)- | irreg. | irreg. | |
未然形 (一般形) | |||||||||||||||
irreg. | |||||||||||||||
oki- | tabe- | kaka- | ika- | haga- | sasa- | mata- | shina- | yoba- | noma- | hora- | kawa- | towa- | ko- | irreg. | |
未然形 (推量形) | |||||||||||||||
oki- | tabe- | kako- | iko- | hago- | saso- | mato- | shino- | yobo- | nomo- | horo- | kao- | too- | ko- | shi- | |
連用形 (-i) | |||||||||||||||
oki | tabe | kaki | iki | hagi | sashi | machi | shini | yobi | nomi | hori | kai | toi | ki | shi | |
連用形 (其他) | |||||||||||||||
oki- | tabe- | kai- | i_- | hai- | sashi- | ma_- | shin- | yon- | non- | ho_- | ka_- | tou- | ki- | shi- | |
終止形 | |||||||||||||||
okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru | |
連体形 | |||||||||||||||
okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru | |
已然形 | |||||||||||||||
okire- | tabere- | kake- | ike- | hage- | sase- | mate- | shine- | yobe- | nome- | hore- | kae- | toe- | kure- | sure- | |
命令形 (書面) | |||||||||||||||
okiyo | tabeyo | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | seyo | |
命令形 (口語) | |||||||||||||||
okiro | tabero | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | shiro |
連用形(-i 形)、終止形、連体形和命令形可以單獨出現,其他的屈折則需要搭配後綴。
Complex forms
编辑Form | Classes | Stem | 後綴 | Result is | 舉例 |
Passive 受動態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5 | imperfective (general) | れる | shimo-1 verb | 書かれる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | される | |
Causative 使役態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | させる or さす | shimo-1 verb | 食べさせる |
5 | imperfective (general) | せる or す | shimo-1 verb | 書かせる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | させる or さす | |
Potential 可能法 | 1 | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5, kuru, 1 (colloq.) | classical imperfective | る | shimo-1 verb | 書ける, 起きれる | |
suru | defective | defective | 出来る (せる in compounds) |
Other forms
编辑Form | Classes | Stem | 後綴 | Result is | 舉例 |
Volitional | 1, kuru, suru | imperfective (volitional) | よう | indeclinable | 食べよう, こよう, しよう |
5 | imperfective (volitional) | う | indeclinable | 書こう, 話そう | |
Negative | all | imperfective (general) | ない | i-adjective | 食べない, 書かない, こない, しない |
Negative (archaic) | all | imperfective (general) | ぬ | indeclinable | 食べぬ, 書かぬ |
Negative Continuative (-zu) | 1, 5, kuru | imperfective (general) | ず | indeclinable | 食べず, 書かず, こず |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | indeclinable | せず | |
Negative Conjunctive (-naide) | all | imperfective (general) | ないで | indeclinable | 起きないで, 書かないで, こないで, しないで |
Past tense | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | た | indeclinable | 食べた, きた, した, 書いた, 行った, 話した, 待った, 作った, 払った, 問った |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | 連用形(其他) | だ | indeclinable | 泳いだ, 死んだ, 読んだ, 飲んだ | |
Conjunctive (-te) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | 連用形(其他) | て | indeclinable | 食べて, きて, して, 書いて, 行って, 話して, 待って, 作って, 払って, 問って |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | 連用形(其他) | で | indeclinable | 泳いで, 死んで, 読んで, 飲んで | |
Hypothetical (-ba) | all | classical imperfective (hypothetical) | ば | indeclinable | 起きれば, 書けば, くれば, すれば |
Conditional (-tara) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | 連用形(其他) | たら | indeclinable | 食べたら, きたら, したら, 書いたら |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | 連用形(其他) | だら | indeclinable | 泳いだら, 死んだら, 読んだら, 飲んだら |
Suffixes to the continuative (-i) form
编辑There are several suffixes that attach to the continuative (-i) form. These are some of the most common:
Form | 後綴 | Result is | 舉例 |
Formal (-masu) | ます | irregular verb | 行きます |
Desire (-tai) | たい | i-adjective | 食べたい |
古典日語
编辑下表顯示了古典日語的動詞活用以及歷史假名正字法中的現代等價物。 注意“學校語法”術語和動詞形式的概念。 助動詞的變位表見附錄:日語助動詞 (todo)。
文語 | 口語 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
種類 | 行 | 語例 | 未然 | 連用 | 終止 | 連體 | 已然 | 命令 | 種類 | 行 | 語例 | 未然 | 連用 | 終止 | 連體 | 假定 | 命令 |
四段 yodan |
カ行 -k- | 行(ゆ)く yu.ku | か ka | き ki | く ku | く ku | け ke | け ke | 四段 yodan |
カ行 -k- | 行(ゆ)く yu.ku | か ka | き ki | く ku | く ku | け ke | け ke |
ガ行 -g- | 漕(こ)ぐ ko.gu | が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐ gu | げ ge | げ ge | ガ行 -g- | 漕(こ)ぐ ko.gu | が ga | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐ gu | げ ge | げ ge | ||
サ行 -s- | 增(ま)す ma.su | さ sa | し si | す su | す su | せ se | せ se | サ行 -s- | 增(ま)す ma.su | さ sa | し si | す su | す su | せ se | せ se | ||
タ行 -t- | 打(う)つ u.tu | た ta | ち ti | つ tu | つ tu | て te | て te | タ行 -t- | 打(う)つ u.tu | た ta | ち ti | つ tu | つ tu | て te | て te | ||
ハ行 -h- | 思(おも)ふ omo.hu | は ha | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふ hu | へ he | へ he | ハ行 -h- | 思(おも)ふ omo.hu | は ha | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふ hu | へ he | へ he | ||
バ行 -b- | 飛(と)ぶ to.bu | ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶ bu | べ be | べ be | バ行 -b- | 飛(と)ぶ to.bu | ば ba | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶ bu | べ be | べ be | ||
マ行 -m- | 讀(よ)む yo.mu | ま ma | み mi | む mu | む mu | め me | め me | マ行 -m- | 讀(よ)む yo.mu | ま ma | み mi | む mu | む mu | め me | め me | ||
ラ行 -r- | 取(と)る to.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | ラ行 -r- | 取(と)る to.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | ||
ラ變 ra-hen |
ラ行 -r- | 有(あ)り a.ri | ら ra | り ri | り ri | る ru | れ re | れ re | ラ行 -r- | 有(あ)る a.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | |
ナ變 na-hen |
ナ行 -n- | 死(し)ぬ si.nu | な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ぬる nuru | ぬれ nure | ね ne | ナ行 -n- | 死(し)ぬ si.nu | な na | に ni | ぬ nu | ぬ nu | ね ne | ね ne | |
下一段 shimo-ichidan |
カ行 -k- | 蹴(け)る keru | け ke | け ke | ける keru | ける keru | けれ kere | けよ keyo | ラ行 -r- | 蹴(け)る ke.ru | ら ra | り ri | る ru | る ru | れ re | れ re | |
下二段 shimo-nidan |
ア行 (a) | 得(う) u | え e | え e | う u | うる uru | うれ ure | えよ eyo | 下一段 shimo-ichidan |
ア行 (a) | 得(え)る eru | え e | え e | える eru | える eru | えれ ere | えよ eyo |
カ行 -k- | 受(う)く u.ku | け ke | け ke | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | けよ keyo | カ行 -k- | 受(う)ける u.keru | け ke | け ke | ける keru | ける keru | けれ kere | けよ keyo | ||
ガ行 -g- | 上(あ)ぐ a.gu | げ ge | げ ge | ぐ gu | ぐる guru | ぐれ gure | げよ geyo | ガ行 -g- | 上(あ)げる a.geru | げ ge | げ ge | げる geru | げる geru | げれ gere | げよ geyo | ||
サ行 -s- | 寄(よ)す yo.su | せ se | せ se | す su | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | サ行 -s- | 寄(よ)せる yo.seru | せ se | せ se | せる seru | せる seru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | ||
ザ行 -z- | 交(ま)ず ma.zu | ぜ ze | ぜ ze | ず zu | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo | ザ行 -z- | 交(ま)ぜる ma.zeru | ぜ ze | ぜ ze | ぜる zeru | ぜる zeru | ぜれ zere | ぜよ zeyo | ||
タ行 -t- | 捨(す)つ su.tu | て te | て te | つ tu | つる turu | つれ ture | てよ teyo | タ行 -t- | 捨(す)てる su.teru | て te | て te | てる teru | てる teru | てれ tere | てよ teyo | ||
ダ行 -d- | 出(い)づ i.du | で de | で de | づ du | づる duru | づれ dure | でよ deyo | ダ行 -d- | 出(で)る deru | で de | で de | でる deru | でる deru | でれ dere | でよ deyo | ||
ナ行 -n- | 尋(たづ)ぬ tadu.nu | ね ne | ね ne | ぬ nu | ぬる nuru | ぬれ nure | ねよ neyo | ナ行 -n- | 尋(たづ)ねる tadu.neru | ね ne | ね ne | ねる neru | ねる neru | ねれ nere | ねよ neyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 考(かんが)ふ kanga.hu | へ he | へ he | ふ hu | ふる huru | ふれ hure | へよ heyo | ハ行 -h- | 考(かんが)へる kanga.heru | へ he | へ he | へる heru | へる heru | へれ here | へよ heyo | ||
バ行 -b- | 調(しら)ぶ sira.bu | べ be | べ be | ぶ bu | ぶる buru | ぶれ bure | べよ beyo | バ行 -b- | 調(しら)べる sira.beru | べ be | べ be | べる beru | べる beru | べれ bere | べよ beyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 止(と)む to.mu | め me | め me | む mu | むる muru | むれ mure | めよ meyo | マ行 -m- | 止(と)める to.meru | め me | め me | める meru | める meru | めれ mere | めよ meyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 越(こ)ゆ ko.yu | え e | え e | ゆ yu | ゆる yuru | ゆれ yure | えよ eyo | ヤ行 -y- | 越(こ)える ko.eru | え e | え e | える eru | える eru | えれ ere | えよ eyo | ||
ラ行 -r- | 晴(は)る ha.ru | れ re | れ re | る ru | るる ruru | るれ rure | れよ reyo | ラ行 -r- | 晴(は)れる ha.reru | れ re | れ re | れる reru | れる reru | れれ rere | れよ reyo | ||
ワ行 -w- | 植(う)う u.u | ゑ we | ゑ we | う u | うる uru | うれ ure | ゑよ weyo | ワ行 -w- | 植(う)ゑる u.weru | ゑ we | ゑ we | ゑる weru | ゑる weru | ゑれ were | ゑよ weyo | ||
上一段 kami-ichidan |
カ行 -k- | 著(き)る kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo | 上一段 kami-ichidan |
カ行 -k- | 著(き)る kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo |
ナ行 -n- | 似(に)る niru | に ni | に ni | にる niru | にる niru | にれ nire | によ niyo | ナ行 -n- | 似(に)る niru | に ni | に ni | にる niru | にる niru | にれ nire | によ niyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 干(ひ)る hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ハ行 -h- | 干(ひ)る hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 見(み)る miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | マ行 -m- | 見(み)る miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 射(い)る iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ヤ行 -y- | 老(お)いる o.iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ||
ワ行 -w- | 居(ゐ)る wiru | ゐ wi | ゐ wi | ゐる wiru | ゐる wiru | ゐれ wire | ゐよ wiyo | ワ行 -w- | 居(ゐ)る wiru | ゐ wi | ゐ wi | ゐる wiru | ゐる wiru | ゐれ wire | ゐよ wiyo | ||
上二段 kami-nidan |
カ行 -k- | 起(お)く o.ku | き ki | き ki | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | きよ kiyo | カ行 -k- | 起(お)きる o.kiru | き ki | き ki | きる kiru | きる kiru | きれ kire | きよ kiyo | |
ガ行 -g- | 過(す)ぐ su.gu | ぎ gi | ぎ gi | ぐ gu | ぐる guru | ぐれ gure | ぎよ giyo | ガ行 -g- | 過(す)ぎる su.giru | ぎ gi | ぎ gi | ぎる giru | ぎる giru | ぎれ gire | ぎよ giyo | ||
タ行 -t- | 落(お)つ o.tu | ち ti | ち ti | つ tu | つる turu | つれ ture | ちよ tiyo | タ行 -t- | 落(お)ちる o.tiru | ち ti | ち ti | ちる tiru | ちる tiru | ちれ tire | ちよ tiyo | ||
ダ行 -d- | 恥(は)づ ha.du | ぢ di | ぢ di | づ du | づる duru | づれ dure | ぢよ diyo | ダ行 -d- | 恥(は)ぢる ha.diru | ぢ di | ぢ di | じる ziru | じる ziru | じれ zire | ぢよ diyo | ||
ハ行 -h- | 強(し)ふ si.hu | ひ hi | ひ hi | ふ hu | ふる huru | ふれ hure | ひよ hiyo | ハ行 -h- | 強(し)ひる si.hiru | ひ hi | ひ hi | ひる hiru | ひる hiru | ひれ hire | ひよ hiyo | ||
バ行 -b- | 亡(ほろ)ぶ horo.bu | び bi | び bi | ぶ bu | ぶる buru | ぶれ bure | びよ biyo | バ行 -b- | 亡(ほろ)びる horo.biru | び bi | び bi | びる biru | びる biru | びれ bire | びよ biyo | ||
マ行 -m- | 恨(うら)む ura.mu | み mi | み mi | む mu | むる muru | むれ mure | みよ miyo | マ行 -m- | 恨(うら)みる ura.miru | み mi | み mi | みる miru | みる miru | みれ mire | みよ miyo | ||
ヤ行 -y- | 悔(く)ゆ ku.yu | い i | い i | ゆ yu | ゆる yuru | ゆれ yure | いよ iyo | ヤ行 -y- | 悔(く)いる ku.iru | い i | い i | いる iru | いる iru | いれ ire | いよ iyo | ||
ラ行 -r- | 懲(こ)る ko.ru | り ri | り ri | る ru | るる ruru | るれ rure | りよ riyo | ラ行 -r- | 懲(こ)りる ko.riru | り ri | り ri | りる riru | りる riru | りれ rire | りよ riyo | ||
カ變 ka-hen |
カ行 -k- | 來(く) ku | こ ko | き ki | く ku | くる kuru | くれ kure | こよ koyo | カ變 ka-hen |
カ行 -k- | 來(く)る kuru | こ ko | き ki | くる kuru | くる kuru | くれ kure | こい koi |
サ變 sa-hen |
サ行 -s- | 爲(す) su | せ se | し si | す su | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo | サ變 sa-hen |
サ行 -s- | 爲(す)る suru | せ se し si |
し si | する suru | する suru | すれ sure | せよ seyo しろ siro |
講(かう)ず kau.zu | ぜ ze | じ zi | ず zu | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo | 講(かう)ずる kau.zuru | ぜ ze じ zi |
じ zi | ずる zuru | ずる zuru | ずれ zure | ぜよ zeyo じろ ziro |
- 此處使用日本式羅馬字,其書寫形式和語音並不完全一致。
參考資料
编辑- ↑ https://www.nihongo-books.com/doshi/form_and_voice/
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 1998, 広辞苑(廣辭苑),第五版(日语),東京:岩波书店,ISBN 4000801112
- ↑ Adapted from the Daijiten (大辭典, page 131, volume 26) published in 1936 by Heibonsha (平凡社), which was believed to be out of copyright.