维基词典

附錄:俄語重音模式分類

這個附录仍在開發中。

根據安德烈·扎利兹尼亚克的分類法，俄語的名詞變格重音有6種，還有4種變體。


重音位置:
模式代表字母 a b b' c d d' e f f' f''
數 sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl sg pl
主格 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹
賓格 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾
屬格 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾
與格 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾
工具格 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾
前置格 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞幹 詞尾 詞幹 詞幹 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾 詞尾
例子 мото́р (motór) вещество́ (veščestvó) любо́вь (ljubóvʹ) слой (sloj) игра́ (igrá) душа́ (dušá) ко́рень (kórenʹ) слеза́ (slezá) гора́ (gorá) грудь (grudʹ)


注意: Boldfaced cases differ from the other cases in the same number (singular or plural).

Mnemonic:

  1. Patterns a/c/e (or odd-numbered) have stem stress in the singular. Patterns b/d/f and variants (or even-numbered) have ending stress in the singular.
  2. In a and b, plural is like singular. In c and d, it's opposite. In e and f, the plural has moving stress: ending stress, except the nominative plural with stem stress.
  3. The variant patterns (b', d', f', f'') are all ending-stressed in the singular except for one case: accusative singular in d' and f', instrumental singular in b' and f''. In nouns, patterns d' and f' occur only with feminines in -а and -я (the singular accusative endings -у and -ю are unstressed), and b' and f'' occur only with feminines in -ь (the singular instrumental ending -ью is unstressed).


陽性名詞

编辑

The great majority of masculine nouns have stress always on the stem (accent pattern A). In particular:

  • New borrowings from other languages (ex. компью́тер (kompʹjúter))
  • Nouns with more than two syllables (ex. анана́с (ananás))
  • Nouns that are not stressed on the last syllable in the nominative singular (the dictionary form) (ex. ла́стик (lástik))

There are however, exceptions to these rules that are outlined below.

模式B

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The masculine nouns with stress pattern b (end stressed) fall into a few groups:

  • Several common 1-syllable nouns:

模式C

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The masculine nouns with stress pattern c (end stressed in the plural) fall into a two groups:

  • Several 1-syllable nouns:

模式E

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To this stress pattern belongs the following categories of masculine nouns:

陰性名詞

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Most feminine nouns have fixed stem stress (accent pattern a), including all feminine-form nouns ending in unstressed -а or -я. For example, ша́пка (šápka, “hat”) will have fixed stressed because the final -а is not stressed. There are only two exceptions to this rule: дере́вня (derévnja, “village”) and до́ля (dólja, “portion”)

The following subsections will outline the stress patterns of nouns that govern feminine nouns that are stressed on the final -а or -я in the dictionary form.

模式B

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To this stress pattern belong the following groups of feminine form nouns:

模式D

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To this stress pattern belongs the following groups of feminine form nouns:

模式D'

编辑

To this stress pattern belongs the following groups of feminine form nouns: вода́ (vodá, “water”), душа́ (dušá, “soul”), земля́ (zemljá, “earth”), зима́ (zimá, “winter”), река́ (reká, “river”), спина́ (spiná, “back”), стена́ (stená, “wall”), цена́ (cená, “price”)

模式F

编辑

To this stress pattern belongs the following groups of feminine form nouns:

模式F'

编辑

To this stress pattern belongs the following groups of feminine form nouns:

中性名詞

编辑

Most neuter nouns have fixed stress, including those with the ending -ство (-stvo), -ание (-anije), and -ение (-enije).

Two neuter nouns have stress pattern E: о́ко (óko, “eye”) (pl. о́чи (óči)) and у́хо (úxo, “ear”) (pl. у́ши (úši))

Two neuter nouns have stress pattern F: плечо́ (plečó, “shoulder”), крыльцо́ (krylʹcó, “porch”)

模式B

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Having the ending stress in all cases are the following groups of neuter nouns:

模式C

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Having the end stress in the plural are the following groups of neuter nouns:

模式D

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以 ь 結尾的陰性名詞

编辑

Feminine nouns ending in -ь usually have fixed stress, with the stress on the same syllable in all cases.

Five of these nouns have end stress in all forms except the instrumental singular (pattern b'): вошь (vošʹ), глушь (glušʹ), ложь (ložʹ), любовь (ljubovʹ), and рожь (rožʹ).

In addition, the following proper nouns have end stress in all forms except the instrumental singular (pattern b'): Обь (Obʹ), Омь (Omʹ), Пермь (Permʹ), Русь (Rusʹ), Тверь (Tverʹ), and Томь (Tomʹ).

The noun грудь (grudʹ) is end stressed in all cases except the instrumental singular and nominative/accusative plural (pattern f").

模式E

编辑
  1. The following one-syllable nouns: бровь (brovʹ, “eyebrow”), весть (vestʹ, “tiding”), ветвь (vetvʹ, “branch”), вещь (veščʹ, “thing”), власть (vlastʹ, “power”), горсть (gorstʹ), гроздь (grozdʹ), дверь (dverʹ), дочь (dočʹ, “daughter”), дробь (drobʹ), жердь (žerdʹ), зыбь (zybʹ), кисть (kistʹ), кость (kostʹ, “bone”)Lua错误：too many expensive function calls。, кровь (krovʹ), масть (mastʹ), мать (matʹ, “mother”), мышь (myšʹ, “mouse”), ночь (nočʹ, “night”), ось (osʹ, “axis”), печь (pečʹ, “oven”), плеть (pletʹ), речь (rečʹ, “speech”), роль (rolʹ, “role”), сельдь (selʹdʹ), сеть (setʹ, “net”), скорбь (skorbʹ), сласть (slastʹ), смерть (smertʹ, “death”), снасть (snastʹ), соль (solʹ), степь (stepʹ), страсть (strastʹ), тень (tenʹ), треть (tretʹ), трость (trostʹ), цепь (cepʹ), часть (častʹ), шерсть (šerstʹ), щель (ščelʹ)
  2. The following multi-syllable nouns: во́лость (vólostʹ), до́лжность (dólžnostʹ), кре́пость (krépostʹ, “stronghold”), ло́пасть (lópastʹ), ло́шадь (lóšadʹ, “horse”), ме́лочь (méločʹ), но́вость (nóvostʹ, “piece of news”), о́бласть (óblastʹ), о́чередь (óčeredʹ, “queue”), пло́скость (plóskostʹ), пло́щадь (plóščadʹ), по́весть (póvestʹ), по́лость (pólostʹ), про́пасть (própastʹ), сво́лочь (svóločʹ), ска́терть (skátertʹ, “skirt”), ско́рость (skórostʹ, “speed”), сте́пень (stépenʹ), сте́рлядь (stérljadʹ), ступе́нь (stupénʹ, “degree, phase”), це́рковь (cérkovʹ, “church”), че́тверть (čétvertʹ), щёлочь (ščóločʹ).

不規則

编辑

The following have the stress shifted to the end in the genitive plural: кольцо́ (kolʹcó) (ко́льца – коле́ц), овца́ (ovcá) (о́вцы – ове́ц), свинья́ (svinʹjá) (сви́ньи – свине́й), семья́ (semʹjá) (се́мьи – семе́й), сестра́ (sestrá) (сёстры – сестёр), судья́ (sudʹjá) (су́дьи – суде́й), яйцо́ (jajcó) (я́йца – яи́ц); земля́ (zemljá) (зе́мли – земе́ль), хло́поты (xlópoty) (хлопо́т)

參見

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来自“https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:俄語重音模式分類&oldid=8784585”